Current issue

The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 68 , No. 1
[Paper List]

[ PR/Advertisement ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 230-274
Abbreviation: KSJCS
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 31 Aug 2019
Received 12 Apr 2019 Revised 31 Jul 2019 Accepted 05 Aug 2019
https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2019.63.4.007

문화적 편향이 기후변화 정책 순응과 지지에 미치는 영향 : 위험인식, 감정, 효능감의 매개 효과 중심 분석
김수진** ; 김영욱***
**이화여자대학교 커뮤니케이션·미디어연구소 연구교수, 주저자 (sjinkim@ewha.ac.kr)
***이화여자대학교 커뮤니케이션·미디어학부 교수, 교신저자 (kimyw@ewha.ac.kr)

The Effects of Cultural Bias on Climate Change Policy Compliance and Support : Mediating Effects of Risk Perception, Emotion, and Efficacy
Soo Jin Kim** ; Yungwook Kim***
**Research Professor, Ewha Womans University (sjinkim@ewha.ac.kr)
***Professor, Ewha Womans University (kimyw@ewha.ac.kr)
Funding Information ▼
초록

본 연구의 목적은 한국인의 문화적 편향과 위험인식의 관련성을 알아보고 기후변화 정책순응과 지지에 대한 영향요인을 검토하는 데 있다. 특히 문화적 편향과 기후변화 위험인식이 유발하는 부정적 감정의 역할을 검토하고 기후변화 정책순응과 지지에 대한 감정과 인지변인의 관련성을 살펴보고자 했다. 연구결과, 문화적 편향에 따른 기후변화 위험인식과 정책순응은 차이를 보였는데, 평등주의가 클수록 기후변화 위험인식은 감소하고 정책순응은 높아졌다. 또한, 운명주의가 클수록 기후변화 위험인식과 정책순응은 감소했다. 부정적 감정은 정책지지에 직접적인 영향을 나타내지는 않았지만, 효능감을 증대시켜 정책순응을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 위험의 문화이론을 바탕으로 기후변화 이슈에 대한 한국인의 문화적 편향과 위험인식을 관련지어 기후변화 정책순응과 지지에 대한 감정의 역할과 함께 인지 변인의 역할을 검증한 실증 연구로서 의미를 지닌다. 아울러, 기후변화를 둘러싼 한국인의 인식을 이해함으로써 정책 순응과 지지를 위한 전략적 PR 방향을 제시했다는 점에 연구의 실용적 함의가 있다.

Abstract

This study is to aim at articulating the factors affecting the climate change policy compliance and support. Cultural bias and risk perception were proposed as independent variables. In particular, the study examined the role of negative emotions induced by cultural biases and climate change risk perceptions. Cognitive appraisal theory was adopted as theoretical background. Also the study examined the impact of emotional and cognitive variables on climate change policy compliance and support. As a result, it found that climate change risk perception and policy compliance were different according to cultural bias. The greater the egalitarianism, the less perception of climate change risk and the higher the policy compliance. And the greater the fatalism, the less awareness of climate change risk and policy compliance. In addition, negative emotions did not directly affect policy support, but increased self-efficacy and indirectly increased policy compliance. This study incorporating cultural bias and risk perception as critical variables in policy support, has practical implications in that it provides a strategic communication direction for policy compliance and support by understanding Koreans' perceptions toward climate change.

Keywordscultural bias, climate change risk perception, policy compliance, emotion, efficacy
키워드: 문화적 편향, 기후변화 위험인식, 정책순응, 감정, 효능감
Acknowledgments

이 논문은 2017년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임 (NRF-2017S1A5B5A02026015).

References
1. 김서용·김선희 (2016). 기후변화 의식과 대응행동 결정요인 분석. <행정논총>, 54권 1호, 179-206.
2. 김영욱·김영지·김수현 (2018). 기후변화에 대한 위험 정보 추구 및 처리 연구. <한국언론학보>, 62권 5호, 72-106.
3. 김영욱·박단아·민혜민 (2018). 기후 변화에 대한 심리적 거리감이 완화 행동 의도에 미치는 영향. <광고연구>, 118호, 127-170.
4. 김현철·조성겸·김학수 (2009). <기후변화관련 사회적 논의의 변화>. 한국언론학회 학술대회 발표논문집, 5-8.
5. 나은경·송현주·김현석·이준웅 (2008). 정서의 프레이밍: 경제 뉴스 보도 기사의 정서 반응 유발 효과. <한국언론학보>, 52권 2호, 378-406.
6. 노성종·이완수 (2013). ‘지구온난화’ 對 ‘기후변화’. <커뮤니케이션 이론>, 9권 1호, 163-198.
7. 박혜영·김영욱 (2017). 지구온난화 이슈에서 낙인에 미치는 영향변수에 대한 연구. <한국언론학보>, 61권 6호, 273-317.
8. 박희제·김명심 (2016). 과학기술에 대한 일반시민의 지지도와 정치의식: 사회문제 해결형 연구를 중심으로. <기술혁신연구>, 24권 3호, 107-137.
9. 유명순·윤혜정·천진희·주영기 (2017). 국내 뉴스미디어의 기후변화 보도 내용분석. <언론과학연구>, 17권 3호, 105-137.
10. 윤순진 (2016). 한국 언론기자의 기후변화 인식과 보도 태도. <환경사회학연구 ECO>, 20권 1호, 7-61.
11. 이나경·임혜숙·이영애 (2008). 세계관과 위험지각에서 전문가와 일반인의 차이. <한국심리학회지: 일반>, 27권 3호, 635-651.
12. 이일현 (2014). EasyFlow 회귀분석, 한나래출판사.
13. 이혁우 (2017). 정책순응 및 불응의 유형화에 관한 연구. <한국사회와 행정연구>, 27권 4호, 241-267.
14. 임인재·박성철·이덕환 (2013). 논쟁적 과학이슈에 대한 신문보도 분석. <한국언론학보>, 57권 6호, 469-501.
15. 정정길·최종원·이시원·정준금·정광호 (2003). <정책학원론>. 서울: 대명출판사.
16. 주영기 (2013). 한국 신문의 정치적 성향에 따른 기후변화 뉴스 프레이밍 차이 연구. <언론과학연구>, 13권 3호, 591-626.
17. 하상근 (2014). 사회적 자본이 정책불응에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. <한국정책과학학회보>, 18권 1호, 131-157.
18. 한국 경제 연구원 (2015). KERI 경제 동향 URL: http://www.keri.org/web/www/keridb_0101
19. 환경부 (2010). 기후변화, 이제는 적응입니다. URL:http://www.me.go.kr/home/file/readDownloadFile.do?fileId=6451&fileSeq=1&openYn=Y
20. Anderson, A. (2009). Media, politics and climate change: Towards a new research agenda. Sociology Compass, 3(2), 166-182.
21. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
22. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122.
23. Bandura, A. (Ed.). (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge university press.
24. Baron, R., Logan, H., Lilly, J., Inman, M., & Brennan, M. (1994). Negative emotion and message processing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30(2), 181-201.
25. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Nathan DeWall, C., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167-203.
26. Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity, Vol. 17. Sage.
27. Beck, U. (1999). World risk society. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
28. Bellamy, R., & Hulme, M. (2011). Beyond the tipping point: understanding perceptions of abrupt climate change and their implications. Weather, Climate, and Society, 3(1), 48-60.
29. Breakwell, G. M. (2010). Models of risk construction: some applications to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(6), 857-870.
30. Calman, K. C. (2001). The language of risk: a question of trust. Transfusion, 41(11), 1326-1328.
31. Carmichael, J. T., Brulle, R. J., & Huxster, J. K. (2017). The great divide: understanding the role of media and other drivers of the partisan divide in public concern over climate change in the USA, 2001–2014. Climatic change, 141(4), 599-612.
32. Dake, K. (1991). Orienting dispositions in the perception of risk: An analysis of contemporary worldviews and cultural biases. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 22(1), 61-82.
33. Dake, K. (1992). Myths of nature: Culture and the social construction of risk. Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 21-37.
34. Dake K., Wildavsky A. (1991) Individual Differences in Risk Perception and Risk-Taking Preferences. In: Garrick B.J., Gekler W.C. (eds) The Analysis, Communication, and Perception of Risk. Advances in Risk Analysis, vol 9. Springer, Boston, MA.
35. Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Grosset/Putnam.
36. Dietz, T., Dan, A., & Shwom, R. (2007). Support for climate change policy: Social psychological and social structural influences. Rural sociology, 72(2), 185-214.
37. Dohle, S., Keller, C., & Siegrist, M. (2010). Examining the relationship between affect and implicit associations: Implications for risk perception. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 30(7), 1116-1128.
38. Douglas, M., & Wildavsky, A. (1982) Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
39. Duncan, S. S. (1981). Housing policy, the methodology of levels, and urban research: the case of Castells. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 5(2), 231-254.
40. Dunlap, R. E., Xiao, C., & McCright, A. M. (2001). Politics and environment in America: Partisan and ideological cleavages in public support for environmentalism. Environmental Politics, 10(4), 23-48.
41. Dunwoody, S. (1999). Communicating uncertainty: Media coverage of new and controversial science in Friedman, Dunwoody, & Rogers (Eds), Scientists, journalists, and the meaning of uncertainty(pp. 59-79), Routledge.
42. Ellis, R. J., & Thompson, F. (1997). Culture and the environment in the Pacific Northwest. American Political Science Review, 91(4), 885-897.
43. Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1-17.
44. Giddens, A. (1999). Risk and responsibility. The Modern Law Review, 62(1), 1-10.
45. Gifford, R. (2011). The dragons of inaction: psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation. American Psychologist, 66(4), 290.
46. Grendstad, G., & Selle, P. (2018). Cultural theory, postmaterialism, and environmental attitudes. In Culture matters (pp. 151-168). Routledge.
47. Griskevicius, V., Cantú, S. M., & Van Vugt, M. (2012). The evolutionary bases for sustainable behavior: Implications for marketing, policy, and social entrepreneurship. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 31(1), 115-128.
48. Grob, A. (1995). A structural model of environmental attitudes and behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 209-220.
49. Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public transportation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 2154-2189.
50. Helgeson, J., van der Linden, S., & Chabay, I. (2012). The role of knowledge, learning and mental models in public perceptions of climate change related risks. Learning for Sustainability in Times of Accelerating Change, 329-346.
51. Hood, C. (1995). Control over bureaucracy: cultural theory and institutional variety. Journal of Public Policy, 15(3), 207-230.
52. Hood, C., James, O., Peters, G., & Scott, C. (2004). Controlling Modern Government: Variety. Commonality and Change, Cheltenham: Elgar.
53. Hood, C., James, O., Scott, C., Jones, G. W., & Travers, T. (1999). Regulation inside government: Waste watchers, quality police, and sleaze-busters. Oxford University Press.
54. Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., Bain, P. G., & Fielding, K. S. (2016). Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6(6), 622.
55. Huxster, J. K., Carmichael, J. T., & Brulle, R. (2015). A Macro Political Examination of the Partisan and Ideological Divide in Aggregate Public Concern over Climate Change in the US between 2001 and 2013. Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 4(1), 1-15.
56. Jackson, J., Allum, N., & Gaskell, G. (2006). Bridging levels of analysis in risk perception research: the case of the fear of crime. In Forum qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: qualitative social research, 7(1), pp. Art-20. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung.
57. Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(1), 20-31.
58. Kahan, D. M., Jenkins‐Smith, H., & Braman, D. (2011). Cultural cognition of scientific consensus. Journal of Risk Research, 14(2), 147-174.
59. Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., & Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature climate change, 2(10), 732-735.
60. Kaiser, F. G., & Gutscher, H. (2003). The Proposition of a General Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting Ecological Behavior 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(3), 586-603.
61. Keller, C., Bostrom, A., Kuttschreuter, M., Savadori, L., Spence, A., & White, M. (2012). Bringing appraisal theory to environmental risk perception: A review of conceptual approaches of the past 40 years and suggestions for future research. Journal of Risk Research, 15(3), 237–256.
62. Kellstedt, P. M., Zahran, S., & Vedlitz, A. (2008). Personal efficacy, the information environment, and attitudes toward global warming and climate change in the United States. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 28(1), 113-126.
63. Kim, S. Y., & Wolinsky-Nahmias, Y. (2014). Cross-national public opinion on climate change: The effects of affluence and vulnerability. Global Environmental Politics, 14(1), 79-106.
64. Kobbeltved, T., Brun, W., Johnsen, B. H., & Eid, J. (2005). Risk as feelings or risk and feelings? A cross‐lagged panel analysis. Journal of Risk Research, 8(5), 417-437.
65. Krimsky, S., & Golding, D. (1992). Social theories of risk. Westport and London: Praeger.
66. Lai, V. T., Hagoort, P., & Casasanto, D. (2012). Affective primacy vs. cognitive primacy: Dissolving the debate. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 243.
67. Lazarus, R. S. (1981). A cognitivist’s reply to Zajonc on emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 36, 222–223.
68. Lazarus, R. S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39, 124–129.
69. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American psychologist, 46(8), 819-834.
70. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.
71. Leiserowitz, A. (2006). Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery, and values. Climatic change, 77(1-2), 45-72.
72. Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Small, D. A., & Fischhoff, B. (2003). Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science, 14(2), 144-150.
73. Lodge, M., & Wegrich, K. (2011). Governance as contested logics of control: Europeanized meat inspection regimes in Denmark and Germany. Journal of European Public Policy, 18(1), 90-105.
74. Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267.
75. Lorenzoni, I., Jones, M., & Turnpenny, J. R. (2007). Climate change, human genetics, and post-normality in the UK. Futures, 39(1), 65-82.
76. Lorenzoni, I., Nicholson-Cole, S., & Whitmarsh, L. (2007). Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications. Global Environmental Change, 17(3-4), 445-459.
77. Lorenzoni, I., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2006). Public views on climate change: European and USA perspectives. Climatic change, 77(1-2), 73-95.
78. Lowe, T., Brown, K., Dessai, S., de França Doria, M., Haynes, K., & Vincent, K. (2006). Does tomorrow ever come? Disaster narrative and public perceptions of climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 15(4), 435-457.
79. Maibach E. W., Leiserowitz A, Roser-Renouf C, & Mertz C. K. (2011). Identifying Like-Minded Audiences for Global Warming Public Engagement Campaigns: An Audience Segmentation Analysis and Tool Development. PLoS ONE 6(3): e17571.
80. Marx, S. M., Weber, E. U., Orlove, B. S., Leiserowitz, A., Krantz, D. H., Roncoli, C., & Phillips, J. (2007). Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information. Global Environmental Change, 17(1), 47-58.
81. McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). The politicization of climate change and polarization in the American public's views of global warming, 2001–2010. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 155-194.
82. McNeeley, S. M., & Lazrus, H. (2014). The cultural theory of risk for climate change adaptation. Weather, Climate, and Society, 6(4), 506-519.
83. Meijer, A., Boon, W., & Moors, E. (2013). Stakeholder engagement in pharmaceutical regulation: connecting technical expertise and lay knowledge in risk monitoring. Public Administration, 91(3), 696-711.
84. Meijnders, A. L., Midden, C. J., & Wilke, H. A. (2001). Role of negative emotion in communication about CO2 risks. Risk Analysis, 21(5), 955-955.
85. Milfont, T. L. (2012). Cultural differences in environmental engagement. In S. D. Clayton (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 181-200). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
86. Milton, K. (1996), Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology in Environmental Discourse. Routledge, New York.
87. Myers, T. A., Nisbet, M. C., Maibach, E. W., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2012). A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change. Climatic Change, 113(3-4), 1105-1112.
88. Nauta, M. J., Fischer, A. R., Van Asselt, E. D., De Jong, A. E., Frewer, L. J., & De Jonge, R. (2008). Food safety in the domestic environment: the effect of consumer risk information on human disease risks. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 28(1), 179-192.
89. Nelkin, D. (1995). Science controversies: the dynamics of public disputes in the United States. Handbook of science and technology studies, 444-456.
90. Olson, M. (1965). The theory of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
91. O'Connor, R. E., Bord, R. J., & Fisher, A. (1998). How information about likely accomplishments affects willingness to sacrifice to reduce global warming. Journal of Risk Research, 1(3), 197-207.
92. O’Neill, S., & Nicholson-Cole, S. (2009). ‘Fear won’t do it’: promoting positive engagement with climate change through visual and iconic representations. Science Communication, 30, 355–379.
93. O’Riordan, T., & Jordan, A. (1999). Institutions, climate change and cultural theory: towards a common analytical framework. Global Environmental Change, 9(2), 81-93.
94. Palmer, C. G. (1996). Risk perception: An empirical study of the relationship between worldview and the risk construct. Risk Analysis, 16(5), 717-723.
95. Peters, E. M., Burraston, B., & Mertz, C. K. (2004). An emotion‐based model of risk perception and stigma susceptibility: Cognitive appraisals of emotion, affective reactivity, worldviews, and risk perceptions in the generation of technological stigma. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 24(5), 1349-1367.
96. Peters, E., & Slovic, P. (1996). The Role of Affect and Worldviews as Orienting Dispositions in the Perception and Acceptance of Nuclear Power 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 26(16), 1427-1453.
97. Pendergraft, C. A. (1998). ‘Human dimensions of climate change: Cultural theory and collective action’, Climate Change. 39, 643–666.
98. Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2003). Public perceptions of risk, science and governance. Centre for Environmental Risk, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
99. Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2003). Exploring the dimensionality of trust in risk regulation. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 23(5), 961-972.
100. Rayner, S. (1984). Radiation hazards in hospital: A cultural analysis of occupational risk perception. RAIN, (60), 10-12.
101. Rayner, S., & Cantor, R. (1987). How Fair Is Safe Enough? The Cultural Approach to Societal Technology Choice. Risk analysis, 7(1), 3-9.
102. Rippl, S. (2002). Cultural theory and risk perception: a proposal for a better measurement. Journal of Risk Research, 5(2), 147-165.
103. Roberts, R. C. (2003). Emotions: An essay in aid of moral psychology. Cambridge University Press.
104. Roeser, S. (2007). Ethical intuitions about risks. Safety Science Monitor, 11(3), 1-13.
105. Roeser, S. (2009). The relation between cognition and affect in moral judgments about risk. The Ethics of Technological Risks, 182–201.
106. Roeser, S. (2010). Moral emotions and intuitions. Springer.
107. Roeser, S. (2012). Risk communication, public engagement, and climate change: A role for emotions. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(6), 1033-1040.
108. Rogers, R. W. (1985). Attitude change and information integration in fear appeals. Psychological Reports, 56(1), 179-182.
109. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, research, application. New York: Oxford University Press
110. Schwartz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, mis-attribution and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513–523.
111. Shanahan, M., (2007). Talking about a revolution: Climate change and the media (IIED Briefing). London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
112. Siemer, M., Mauss, I., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Same situation-different emotions: How appraisals shape our emotions. Emotion, 7(3), 592–600.
113. Sheppard, S. R. (2005). Landscape visualisation and climate change: the potential for influencing perceptions and behaviour. Environmental Science & Policy, 8(6), 637-654.
114. Shi, J., Visschers, V. H., & Siegrist, M. (2015). Public perception of climate change: The importance of knowledge and cultural worldviews. Risk Analysis, 35(12), 2183-2201.
115. Sjöberg, L. (1996). A discussion of the limitations of the psychometric and cultural theory approaches to risk perception. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 68(3-4), 219-225.
116. Sjöberg, L. (2007). Emotions and risk perception. Risk management, 9(4), 223-237.
117. Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of risk: Reflections on the psychometric paradigm. In Krimsky, S & Golding, D (Eds.). Theories of Risk. (pp.215-228). New York: Praeger.
118. Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis, 24(2), 311-322.
119. Slovic, P. and Peters, E. (1998). ‘The importance of worldviews in risk perception’, Risk Decision and Policy, 3, 165–170.
120. Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006). Risk perception and affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 322-325.
121. Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2001). Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Series in affective science. Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 121-138). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
122. Smith, S. M., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Attitudes and recycling: does the measurement of affect enhance behavioral prediction?. Psychology & Marketing, 11(4), 359-374.
123. Smith, N., & Leiserowitz, A. (2012). The rise of global warming skepticism: Exploring affective image associations in the United States over time. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(6), 1021-1032.
124. Steg, L., & Sievers, I. (2000). Cultural theory and individual perceptions of environmental risks. Environment and Behavior, 32(2), 250-269.
125. Stevenson, K. T., King, T. L., Selm, K. R., Peterson, M. N., & Monroe, M. C. (2018). Framing climate change communication to prompt individual and collective action among adolescents from agricultural communities. Environmental Education Research, 24(3), 365-377.
126. Sundblad, E. L., Biel, A., & Gärling, T. (2007). Cognitive and affective risk judgments related to climate change. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 97–106.
127. Swim, J. K., Stern, P. C., Doherty, T. J., Clayton, S., Reser, J. P., Weber, E. U., & Howard, G. S. (2011). Psychology's contributions to understanding and addressing global climate change. American Psychologist, 66(4), 241.
128. Tansey, J. (2004). Risk as politics, culture as power. Journal of Risk Research, 7(1), 17-32.
129. Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2009). Transforming “apathy into movement”: The role of prosocial emotions in motivating action for social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 310-333.
130. Thompson M (1980). An Outline of the Cultural Theory of Risk. IIASA Working Paper. IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria: WP-80-177.
131. Thompson, M., Ellis, R. & Wildavsky, A. (1990) Cultural Theory. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
132. Townsend, E., Spence, A., & Knowles, S. (2013). Investigating the operation of the affect heuristic: Is it an associative construct? Journal of Risk Research, 17(3), 299–315.
133. Turner, M. M. (2007). Using emotion in risk communication: The anger activism model. Public Relations Review, 33(2), 114-119.
134. Unsworth, K. L., & Fielding, K. S. (2014). It's political: How the salience of one's political identity changes climate change beliefs and policy support. Global Environmental Change, 27, 131-137.
135. Van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112-124.
136. Weber, E. U. (2006). Experience-based and description-based perceptions of long-term risk: Why global warming does not scare us (yet). Climatic change, 77(1-2), 103-120.
137. Weber, E. U. (2010). What shapes perceptions of climate change?. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(3), 332-342.
138. Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 39(5), 806-820.
139. Whitmarsh, L. (2011). Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change: Dimensions, determinants and change over time. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 690-700.
140. Wildavsky, A., & Dake, K. (1990). Theories of risk perception: Who fears what and why?. Daedalus, 41-60.
141. Witte, K. (1993). Message and conceptual confounds in fear appeals: The role of threat, fear, and efficacy. Southern Journal of Communication, 58(2), 147-155.
142. Zagzebski, L. (2003). Emotion and moral judgment. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 66(1), 104-124.
143. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151-175.
144. Zhao, X., Leiserowitz, A. A., Maibach, E. W., & Roser-Renouf, C. (2011). Attention to science/environment news positively predicts and attention to political news negatively predicts global warming risk perceptions and policy support. Journal of Communication, 61(4), 713-731.