Current issue

The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 68 , No. 1
[Paper List]

[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 89-126
Abbreviation: KSJCS
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 31 Oct 2021
Received 13 Aug 2021 Accepted 28 Sep 2021 Revised 07 Oct 2021
https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2021.65.5.003

중학생의 또래관계가 스마트폰 의존도에 미치는 영향과 사회적 위축의 매개효과 : 스마트폰의 사회적 이용에 따른 다집단 분석
이혜선** ; 호규현 ; 권지현 ; 나은영***
**서강대학교 신문방송학과 박사과정 (hsle@sogang.ac.kr)
서강대학교 신문방송학과 석사과정
서강대학교 신문방송학과 석사과정
***서강대학교 지식융합미디어학부 교수 (ena@sogang.ac.kr)

The effects of middle school students' peer relationships on smartphone dependence and mediation of social withdrawal : Multi-group analysis based on the social use of smartphone
Hye-Sun Lee** ; Gyuhyun Ho ; Jihyun Kwon ; Eun-Yeong Na***
**Ph. D. Student, Department of Mass Communications, Sogang University (hsle@sogang.ac.kr)
Master’s Student, Department of Mass Communications, Sogang University
Master’s Student, Department of Mass Communications, Sogang University
***Professor, School of Media, Arts, and Science, Sogang University, corresponding author (ena@sogang.ac.kr)
초록

이 연구는 초기 청소년인 중학생에게 준거집단의 역할을 하는 또래 친구에 주목하여 중학생의 긍정적·부정적 또래관계가 스마트폰 의존도의 하위요인에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 더 나아가, 사회적 이용에 따라 고·저 집단으로 분류한 뒤 집단 간 차이를 분석하고 사회적 위축의 매개효과를 함께 분석하였다. 한국청소년정책연구원의 한국아동·청소년패널조사(Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey) 2018 중1 패널 데이터 2차년도 자료를 사용하였고, 2,371명의 답변을 사용하여 구조방정식 모형을 활용한 다집단 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 중학생의 긍정적 또래관계는 스마트폰 의존도의 하위요인 가운데 금단을 낮추고, 부정적 또래관계는 금단과 내성 모두를 증가시키는 경향을 보였으나 금단을 향한 효과크기가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 사회적 위축은 부정적 또래관계에 의해 증가하고 긍정적 또래관계에 의해 감소하지만, 부정적 또래관계가 상대적으로 더 큰 영향력을 발휘하였다. 중학생이 경험하는 사회적 위축으로 인해 스마트폰 의존도의 하위요인 금단과 내성 모두 증가하지만 내성을 향한 영향력이 상대적으로 더 강하게 나타났다. 사회적 이용에 따라 고·저 집단으로 분류한 다집단 분석 결과, 중학생의 긍정적 또래관계가 금단에 미치는 영향은 사회적 이용 수준이 높은 집단에서만 유의미하였다. 반면, 부정적 또래관계가 사회적 위축과 금단에 미치는 영향은 사회적 이용 수준이 낮은 집단에서 더 강하게 나타났다. 사회적 위축의 매개효과 분석 결과, 부정적 또래관계가 내성과 금단에 미치는 영향에 관해서는 모든 집단이 유의미하였다. 하지만 긍정적 또래관계가 금단에 미치는 영향에 관한 사회적 위축의 매개효과는 사회적 이용 수준이 낮은 집단에서만 유의미하지 않았다. 즉, 사회적 이용 수준이 높은 집단에서는 스마트폰 의존도 하위요인을 향한 긍정적 또래관계의 영향력이 강화되고 부정적 또래관계의 영향력은 완화되었다. 분석 결과를 종합하여, 청소년 대상 스마트폰 교육 및 관련 미디어교육 프로그램에서 미디어를 이용한 긍정적인 상호작용과 또래관계 경험을 지원해야 할 필요성을 논의하였다.

Abstract

Peer relationships and smartphone dependence are two essential features for middle school students. Peer relationships can be protective factors for smartphone dependence because adolescents can choose smartphone usage activities when their need for interpersonal relationships is not fulfilled. Then, how are the effects different for positive and negative peer relationships to smartphone dependency? Are positive and negative peer relationships' effects on the sub-factors of smartphone dependency different? Further, what mediates and which moderator factors differentiate the effects of peer relationships on smartphone dependency's sub-factors? This study investigated the effects of middle school students' positive and negative peer relationships on smartphone dependency (tolerance and withdrawal) with the mediation of social withdrawal. We also analyzed the differences between high and low social use groups. We used the structural equation model analysis and analyzed data from 2,371 respondents in the 2018 Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey' 2nd-year panel data provided by the Korea Youth Policy Institute. The result of the study indicates that middle school students' positive peer relationships lowered withdrawal. Negative peer relationships tended to increase both withdrawal and tolerance. The effect size of negative peer relationships toward withdrawal was substantial. Social withdrawal was increased by negative peer relationships and decreased by positive peer relationships, but negative peer relationships had a stronger effect on social withdrawal. Social withdrawal experienced by middle school students increased both withdrawal and tolerance sub-factors of smartphone dependence, but social withdrawal influenced tolerance relatively more. Multi-group analysis showed that positive peer relationships on the withdrawal of smartphone dependence were significant only in the group with a high level of social use. The effects of negative peer relationships on social withdrawal and smartphone dependence withdrawal were stronger in the group with a low level of social use. In the group with a high level of social use, the influence of positive peer relationships strengthened toward the sub-factors of smartphone dependence, while that of negative peer relationships was alleviated. Social withdrawal is a mediating factor between peer relationships and tolerance regardless of positive and negative peer relationships or a level of social use. However, social withdrawal is consistently a mediator between peer relationships and tolerance because social withdrawal does not affect the withdrawal of smartphone dependency in a low level of social use group. The results of this study suggest two strategies for media literacy programs for adolescents. First, it is necessary to encourage positive interaction and peer relationship experiences using smartphones in media literacy programs. Second, forced social use to decrease smartphone dependency may cause unintended adverse effects on adolescents who experience social withdrawal.

Keywordssmartphone dependence, adolescent, peer relationship, social withdrawal, social use
키워드: 스마트폰 의존도, 청소년, 또래관계, 사회적 위축, 사회적 이용
Acknowledgments

This study was presented in the Media Literacy Research Group Session at the Spring Conference of the Korean Society for Journalism and Communication Studies in 2021. Thanks to the helpful advices of panelists and discussants, this paper has been improved (이 연구는 2021년 한국언론학회 봄철 정기학술대회 미디어교육연구회 세션에서 발표되었습니다. 발전된 논문이 될 수 있도록 조언해주신 사회자, 토론자분들과 심사위원분들께 감사드립니다).

References
1. Abbasi, G. A., JagaveeranAbbasi, M., Goh, Y. N., & Tariq, B. (2021). The impact of type of content use on smartphone addiction and academic performance: Physical activity as moderator. Technology in Society, 64.
2. Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454.
3. Bae, J, A. & Cho, Y. (2010). Digital Media and Mother-Child Communication, Journal of Cybercommunication Academic Society, 27(1), 53-91
4. Bae, S-L., Lee, C, H. & Lee, J. (2020). A Study on the Current Status of Youth Media Use and Policy Countermeasures by Target Ⅰ: Elementary student. (The Report of NYPI 20-R17) Retrieved 5/2/21 from https://www.nypi.re.kr/brdrr/boardrrView.do?menu_nix=d35o34AE&brd_id=BDIDX_PJk7xvf7L096m1g7Phd3YC&tab=
5. Bae, S, M., Hong, J, Y. & Huyn, M, H. (2015). A Validation Study of the Peer Relationship Quality Scale for Adolescents, Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(5), 325-344
6. Bae, S. M. (2015). The relationships between perceived parenting style, learning motivation, friendship satisfaction, and the addictive use of smartphones with elementary school students of South Korea: Using multivariate latent growth modeling. School Psychology International, 36(5), 513–531.
7. Bae, S-M. (2017). The relationship between the type of smartphone use and smartphone dependence of Korean adolescents: National survey study. Children and Youth Services Review, 81, 207-211.
8. Bae, Y. (2016). The Problem and Current Status of Smartphone Addiction. (Korean Social Trends 2016) Retrieved 13/9/20 form http://kostat.go.kr/sri/srikor/srikor_pbl/3/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=370220&pageNo=&rowNum=10&amSeq=&sTarget=&sTxt=.
9. Berndt, T. J. (1982). The features and effects of friendship in early adolescence. Child Development, 53(6), 1447–1460.
10. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship Quality and Social Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 7-10.
11. Bowker, J., Rubin, K. H., & Coplan, R. J. (2012). Social withdrawal in adolescence. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence(pp. 2817-2824). New York: Springe
12. Busch, P., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106414.
13. Chen, H. T., & Kim, Y. (2013). Problematic use of social network sites: the interactive relationship between gratifications sought and privacy concerns. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 16(11), 806–812.
14. Choi, E, Y. (2020). Mediating effects of social withdrawal and self-esteem between social relationships and smartphone dependence and gender differences in these relationships, Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 27(5), 433-459.
15. Choi, J., Jeon, H., Oh, H, J. & Hong, S. (2020). A study on the relationship between smartphone usage types and smartphone dependency of elementary school students – Focusing on contact and sns use, Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 27(5), 331-354.
16. Choi, J.-A. (2014, Nov). Longitudinal associations among social withdrawal, peer relationships, and depression in adolescence. Paper presented at the 2014 Autumn Conference of the The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, Seoul, Korea.
17. Coplan, R., & Armer, M. (2007). A “Multitude” of Solitude: A Closer Look at Social Withdrawal and Nonsocial Play in Early Childhood. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 26-32.
18. Deursen, A.V., Bolle, C.L., Hegner, S., & Kommers, P. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420.
19. Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Non-social features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 75–82.
20. Eun, H-J. & Na, E-Y. (2002). Gratification Sought and Gratification Obtained by Internet Users and Their Relationship with Using Behavior. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 46(3), 214-253.
21. Fischer, C. (1992). America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940. Berkeley: University of California Press
22. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable, and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
23. Glasser, W. (1998). Choice theory, Harper & Row.
24. Hong J. Y. & Doh. H-S. (2002). Parental marital conflict, attachment to parents, and peer relationships among adolescents. Journal of Families and Better Life, 20(5) 143-154
25. Hong, S, H. (2000). The Criteria for Selecting Appropriate Fit Indices in Structural Equation Modeling and Their Rationales. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 161-177.
26. Jahng, K. E. (2019). Maternal abusive parenting and young South Korean adolescents' problematic smartphone use: The moderating effects of time spent hanging out with peers and trusting peer relationships. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, 96-104.
27. Jeon, G, R. & Lim, S. (2012). Study on the Contexts and Meanings of Adolescents' Addictive Game Play, Journal of Korea Game Society, 12(6), 83-94.
28. Jeong, O. & Lee, J. (2017) A Grounded Theory on Relationship Dynamics in Middle School Students` Peer Relationship Formation Process, Korea Journal of Counseling, 18(4), 317-341.
29. Jo, M, H., Kim J, M., Rhu S, S. & Kim, I, H. (2017). The Difference of The Self-Regulation and The Usage Motivation between The SNS and The Game Group in The Over usage of Smartphone of Adolescents. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 24(2), 297-317.
30. Kang, B. G. & Shin, H. J. (2014). Risk and protective factors affecting mobile phone addiction in adolescence: With a special focus on the comparison by gender. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21(8), 213-241.
31. Katz, E., Blumler, J., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
32. Keum, H. J. (2011) The Influences of Social Media Use on Social Capital and Psychological Wellbeing. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 25(5), 7-48
33. Kircaburun, K., Alhabash, S., Tosuntas, S, B., & Griffiths, M. (2018). Uses and Gratifications of Problematic Social Media Use Among University Students: a Simultaneous Examination of the Big Five of Personality Traits, Social Media Platforms, and Social Media Use Motives. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 525-547.
34. Kim, A, K. & Kim, S, B. (2018) The moderating effect of peer attachment on the relationship between social withdrawal of youth and mobile phone dependency, Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 25(8), 245-267.
35. Kim, B. & Park, J. & Jung, H. & Han, Y. (2020). Latent profiles of offline/cyberbullying experiences among korean students and its relationship with peer conformity. Children and Youth Services Review. 118. 105349.
36. Kim, D., Chung, Y., Lee, Y, Kim, B. & Jeon, H. (2016). Develpment and Validation of Youth Smartphone Addiction Self-report Scale. Korea Journal of Counseling, 17(3), 319-335.
37. Kim, D., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Kim, M, C., Keum, C, M., Nam, J., Kang, E. & Chung, Y., (2012). New Patterns in Media Addiction: Is Smartphone a Substitute or a Complement to the Internet?, Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 20(1), 71-88
38. Kim. D. & Lee, K. (2020) Influence of peer relationship on smartphone dependency among 7th graders: Multi-group analysis according to usage patterns by clustering purpose of using smartphones, Korean Journal of Child Study, 41(5), 45-58
39. Kim, G-S.& Kim, E-M. (2015). Effect of emotional problem of the youth on school life adaptation: Dependence on smartphone as mediating effect. Journal of Welfare for The Correction, 38, 33-57.
40. Kim, H. & Kim, S.-Y. (2020). Exploring the possible direction of interpreting inconsistent mediational effect, The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 39(1), 91-115.
41. Kim, H. J., Min, J. Y., Min, K. B., Lee, T. J., Yoo, S. (2018) Relationship among family environment, self-control, friendship quality, and adolescents’ smartphone addiction in South Korea: Findings from nationwide data. PLOS ONE, 13(2), e0190896.
42. Kim, H.-S. (2014) The Mediating Effect of Self-identity in the Influence of Peer-alienation of Youth to Mobile Phone Dependency, The Korea Contents Society, 14(12), 527-537.
43. Kim. H-S. & Choi, Y.-J. (2015). The gender difference in predictors of mobile phone dependency in youth, The Korea Contents Society, 15(5), 340-352.
44. Kim, J, H. (2012). The effects of parental factors, friend`s factors and personal factors on the mobile phone dependency of youth mediated by mobile phone uses. Korean Journal of youth welfare, 14(3), 97-120.
45. Kim, J. L. H., & Kang, J. (2017). The effect of loneliness on SNS addiction: Moderating effect of interpersonal relations orientation and its gender difference. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(2), 154-164.
46. Kim, J. Y., Han, H., Park, E., & Kang, M. J. (2020). The Serial Multiple Mediating Effects of Social Withdrawal and Smartphone Dependency and the Influence of Negative Parenting Attitude on Adolescents' Academic Helplessness. Family and Environment Research, 58(4), 601-611.
47. Kim, K, Lee H. & Moon, S-I. (2016) Exploring the effects of network size, usage behaviors, and assimilation for peer relations on adolescents’ smartphone addiction symptoms, Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 30(4), 5-40
48. Kim, S, J., Park, G, S. & Moon, S, H. (2015). Analysis on smartphone usage types of youth: Q methodological approach. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(12), 1-26.
49. Kim, S-S. & Cho, D-G. (2004) Relationship between internet use patterns and subfactors of internet addiction in adolescents, Studies on Korean Youth, 15(2), 355-384.
50. Kim, Y. (2018). Analysis of cell phone ownership and usage behavior of children and adolescents. KIDI STAT Reprot Vol. 18-20. Retrieved 9/13/20 from http://m.kisdi.re.kr/mobile/repo/stat_view.m?key1=14421&selectPage=1
51. Ko, E-H. & Kim, G. (2017). Influence of middle school students’ shyness and interpersonal anxiety on smartphone addiction: Focused on the mediating effect in problematic communication between parent-adolescent and peer relationship. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 24(5), 55-78.
52. Kwak, J., Kim, J., & Yoon, Y. W. (2018). Effect of parental neglect on smartphone addiction in adolescents in south korea. Child abuse & neglect, 77, 75-84.
53. Kwon, Y. & Na, E-Y. (2017). The influence of parent communication on smartphone dependency in adolescents - Focused on the mediation effect of self-control, Journal of communication research, 54(2), 80-113.
54. Leary, M. R. (1983). Social anxiousness: The construct and its measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47(1), 66–75.
55. Lee, B, J., Min, W-H. & Kim, J-E. (2014) A study for developmental trajectories of social withdrawal in adolescence : An exploratory approach based on developmental-contextualism perspective. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21(8), 317-346.
56. Lee, J. & Sung, D.-K. (2013). A cross-cultural study between korea and america on the use of social network service and the change of Interpersonal relationship: Focusing on self-schemata, self-disclosure and social anxiety. Journal of Social Science, 24(1), 257-281.
57. Lee, K-N. & Kim, H-H. (2019). The relationship of parent-child communication, loneliness and interpersonal problems on adolescents' smartphone addiction, Youth Facilities and Environment, 17(3), 27-36.
58. Lee, S. (2021). Comparison of digital device usage behavior of middle school students in Gyeonggi-do before and after COVID-19. Today's Education in Statistics 2021 Issue 2. Retrieved 9/27/21 from http://ebook.goe.go.kr/20210602_161917/?fbclid=IwAR3uB98_dLCzso_prYHNeMER1KybQJCHgW4rdCnd50qVrF4KiIKgyhaGDVI
59. Lee, S-M. & Kim, H-J. (2011) Generalization of structural equation models or practices and problems in multigroup analysis for the study of group differences, Social Sciences Review, 43(1), 63-112.
60. Lee, Y., Chang, C., Lin, Y., & Cheng, Z. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373-383
61. Lyo, S, Y. & Hyun, S. (2019) Psychological personalities of middle school students with peer relationship problems in the figure diagnostic evaluation: Focused on middle school students visiting school counseling room, Korean Journal of Christian Counseling, 30(4), 77-115.
62. Mclver, J. P., & Carmines, E. G. (1981). Unidimensional scaling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
63. Min, W.-H. & Kim, D.-E. (2016). Longitudinal relationships between peer victimization and internalized problems in adolescence. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 23(6), 397-426.
64. Nam, E. & Bae, H-B. (2019). Effects of adolescent depression on online and offline delinquency: Mediating effects of aggression and social withdrawal, Joural of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 19(6), 353-375.
65. National Information Society Agency. (2011). Develpoment of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale For Youth and Adults. Seoul: National Information Society Agency.
66. National Information Society Agency (2016). Come out, out of the smartphone world. Retrieved 9/27/21 from https://www.gne.go.kr/upload_data/board_data/workroom/149215580692025.pdf
67. Nho, C, R. & Kim, S. (2016). The effects of parenting attitudes on adolescents’ smartphone dependency: The mediating effects of adolescents’ depression and aggression, Studies on Korean Youth, 27(4), 87-114.
68. Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rayburn, J. D. (1980). Relations between gratifications sought and obtained: A study of television news. Communication Research, 7(2), 161–192.
69. Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 175–196.
70. Park, J., H., Park, M. (2021) Smartphone use patterns and problematic smartphone use among preschool children. PLoS ONE, 16(3), e0244276.
71. Park, J, Y, Kim, K, A & Hong, C-H. (2012). The relationships between adolescents' cellular phone use motivation, peer Relationships, emotional factors and cellular phone addictive use, Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(1), 151-169.
72. Perry, D. G. & Bussey, K. (1984). Social development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
73. Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R. & Sullivan, J. J. (2003) Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
74. Rubin, K. H., Hymel, S., & Mills, R. S. (1989). Sociability and social withdrawal in childhood: Stability and outcomes. Journal of personality, 57(2), 237-255.
75. Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (p. 571–645). John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
76. Rubin, K., Coplan, R., & Bowker, J. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual review of Psychology, 60, 141-172.
77. Schwartz, D., Farver, J., Chang, L., & Lee-Shin, Y. (2002). Victimization in south korean children's peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 113-125.
78. Seo, M. (2016). The influence of changes in mobile phone use by purposes on psychosocial maladjustment among early adolescents, Asian Journal of Education 17(4), 239-261
79. Shin, Y, I. & Kang, T, S. (2020). The effects of social withdrawal on academic engagement: Focusing on the medium effect of self-esteem, The Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 20(11), 911-932.
80. Song, I., LaRose, R., Eastin, M., & Lin, C.A. (2004). Internet gratifications and internet addiction: On the uses and abuses of new media. Cyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society, 7(4), 384-94.
81. Statistics Korea. (2021). 2021 Youth statistics. Retrieved 8/9/21 from http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=389790&pageNo=&rowNum=10&amSeq=&sTarget=&sTxt=
82. Yang, C. C., & Brown, B. B. (2013). Motives for using facebook, patterns of facebook activities, and late adolescents' social adjustment to college. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42(3), 403–416.
83. Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., Wang, P. W., Chang, Y. H., & Ko, C. H. (2012). Social anxiety in online and real-life interaction and their associated factors. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 15(1), 7–12.
84. Yong, H-R., Kang, H-N. & Hwang, H. (2019). A study on the psychological factors and environmental factors influencing of game leadership and social capital in adolescent, Journal of Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 20(2), 509-519.
85. Yun H. G., & Lee J. Y. (2010). Middle school students' perceptions and their own level of peer relationship competence. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 7(1), 1-18
부록
1. 강방글·신혜정 (2014). 청소년의 휴대전화 의존도에 영향을 미치는 위험요인과 보호요인. <청소년학연구>, 21권 8호, 213-241.
2. 권예지·나은영 (2017). 부모 커뮤니케이션이 청소년의 스마트폰 의존도에 미치는 영향. <언론정보연구>, 54권 2호, 80-113.
3. 고은혜·김근영 (2017). 중학생의 수줍음과 대인불안이 스마트폰 중독에 미치는 영향: 부모-자녀 간 폐쇄형 의사소통과 또래관계의 매개효과를 중심으로. <청소년학연구>, 24권 5호, 55-78.
4. 금희조 (2011). 소셜 미디어 시대, 우리는 행복한가?. <한국방송학보>, 25권 5호, 7-48.
5. 김기태·이현주·문신일 (2016). 청소년의 스마트폰 네트워크 크기, 이용행태, 또래친구와의 관계지향성이 스마트폰 중독에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. <한국방송학보>, 30권 4호, 5-40.
6. 김금순·김은미 (2015). 청소년의 정서문제가 학교생활적응에 미치는 영향: 스마트폰의존을 매개효과 중심으로. <교정복지연구>, 제38호, 33-57.
7. 김대웅·이강이 (2020). 중학교 1 학년 또래 관계가 스마트폰 과의존에 미치는 영향: 스마트폰 목적별 이용 정도에 따른 다집단 분석. <아동학회지>, 41권 5호, 45-58.
8. 김동일·이윤희·이주영·김명찬·금창민·남지은·강은비·정여주 (2012). 미디어 이용 대체 · 보완과 중독: 청소년과 성인의 인터넷 및 스마트폰 사용 형태를 중심으로. <청소년상담연구>, 20권 1호, 71-88.
9. 김동일·정여주·이윤희·김병관·전호정 (2016). 청소년 스마트폰 중독 자가진단 척도 개발 및 타당화. <상담학연구>, 17권 3호, 319-335.
10. 김성수·조도근 (2004). 청소년의 인터넷 서비스 유형별 사용 정도와 인터넷 중독 하위 요인간의 관계. <한국청소년연구>, 15권 2호, 355-384.
11. 김수정·박승곤·문성호 (2015). Q방법론을 활용한 청소년의 스마트폰 사용유형에 관한 분석. <청소년학연구>, 22권 12호, 1-26.
12. 김애경·김성봉 (2018). 청소년의 사회적 위축과 휴대전화 의존과의 관계에서 또래애착의 조절효과. <청소년학연구>, 25권 8호, 245-267.
13. 김윤화 (2018). 어린이와 청소년의 휴대폰 보유 및 이용행태 분석. (KIDI STAT Report Vol. 18-20.) Retrieved 9/13/20 from http://m.kisdi.re.kr/mobile/repo/stat_view.m?key1=14421&selectPage=1
14. 김재윤·한희수·박은영·강민주. (2020). 부모의 부정적 양육태도가 중학생의 학업 무기력에 미치는 영향에서 사회적 위축과 스마트폰 의존의 순차적 매개효과. <Family and Environment Research>, 58권 4호, 601-611.
15. 김지혜 (2012). 부모요인, 친구요인, 개인요인이 청소년의 휴대전화 사용용도를 매개로 휴대전화 의존에 미치는 영향. <청소년복지연구>, 14권 3호, 97-120.
16. 김하형·김수영 (2020). 비일관적 매개효과 모형의 해석 방향 탐색. <한국심리학회지: 일반>, 39권 1호, 91-115.
17. 김현순 (2014). 청소년의 또래소외와 휴대전화 의존 간의 관계에 미치는 자아정체감의 매개효과. <한국콘텐츠학회논문지>, 14권 12호, 527-537.
18. 김현순·최영준 (2015). 청소년의 휴대전화 의존 예측변인에 대한 성차 연구. <한국콘텐츠학회논문지>, 15권 5호, 340-352.
19. 남은정·배희분 (2019). 청소년의 우울이 온·오프라인 비행에 미치는 영향 -공격성과 사회적 위축의 매개효과-. <학습자중심교과연구>, 19권 6호, 353-375.
20. 노충래·김소연 (2016). 부모양육태도가 청소년의 스마트폰 의존에 미치는 영향: 청소년의 우울과 공격성의 매개효과. <한국청소년연구>, 27권 4호, 87-114.
21. 류소영·선우현 (2019). 인형진단평가에 나타난 또래 관계 어려움을 호소하는 중학생의 심리적 특성: 학교상담실을 방문한 중학생을 대상으로. <한국기독교상담학회지>, 30권 4호, 77-115.
22. 민원홍·김다은 (2016). 청소년기 또래 괴롭힘 피해와 내재화 문제 간의 종단적 상호관계. <청소년학연구>, 23권 6호, 397-426.
23. 민원홍·손선옥. (2017). 청소년기 사회적 위축의 발달 궤적에 대한 부정적 또래관계의 영향: 부모지도감독의 조절효과 검증을 중심으로. <미래청소년학회지>, 14권 1호, 75-99.
24. 박지영·김귀애·홍창희 (2012). 청소년의 휴대전화 중독적 사용과 이용 동기, 또래관계 및 정서적 요인과의 관계. <Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology>, 31권 1호, 151-169.
25. 배성만·홍지영·현명호 (2015). 청소년 또래관계 질 척도의 타당화 연구. <청소년학연구>, 22권 5호, 325-344.
26. 배영 (2016). 스마트폰 과의존의 실태와 문제. (2016 한국의 사회동향). Retrieved 5/2/21 from http://kostat.go.kr/sri/srikor/srikor_pbl/3/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=370220&pageNo=&rowNum=10&amSeq=&sTarget=&sTxt=.
27. 배진아·조연하 (2010). 디지털 미디어와 가족 커뮤니케이션. <사이버커뮤니케이션학보>, 27권 1호, 53-91.
28. 서미정 (2016). 초기 청소년의 휴대전화 용도별 이용빈도의 변화가 심리사회적 부적응에 미치는 영향력 검증. <아시아교육연구>, 17권 4호, 239-261.
29. 신윤임·강태석 (2020). 중학생의 사회적 위축이 학업열의에 미치는 영향. <학습자중심교과교육연구>, 20권 11호, 911-932.
30. 용혜련·강하나·황현석 (2019). 청소년의 심리적·환경적 요인이 게임 리더십과 사회자본에 미치는 영향. <한국산학기술학회 논문지>, 20권 2호, 509-519.
31. 윤혜경·이지연 (2010). 중학생이 지각하는 또래관계 역량의 개념과 수준. <한국심리학회지: 학교>, 7권 1호, 1-18.
32. 은혜정·나은영 (2002). 인터넷에서 추구하는 충족(GS)과 획득된 충족(GO) 및 이용행동 간의 관계. <한국언론학보>, 46권 3호, 214-251.
33. 이경남·김희화 (2019). 청소년의 스마트폰 중독에 대한 부와 모-자녀 의사소통, 외로움 및 대인관계문제의 인과적 관련성. <청소년시설환경>, 17권 3호, 27-36.
34. 이봉주·민원홍·김정은 (2014). 청소년기 사회적 위축 문제의 발달궤적에 영향을 미치는 요인: 발달-맥락주의적 관점을 적용한 탐색적 연구. <청소년학연구>, 21권 8호, 317-346.
35. 이수광 (2021). 코로나19 전후 경기도 중학생의 디지털 기기 이용 행태 비교 (통계로 보는 오늘의 교육 2021년 2호). Retrieved 9/27/21 from http://ebook.goe.go.kr/20210602_161917/?fbclid=IwAR3uB98_dLCzso_prYHNeMER1KybQJCHgW4rdCnd50qVrF4KiIKgyhaGDVI
36. 이순묵·김한조 (2011). 구조방정식 모형의 일반화 또는 집단차 연구를 위한 다집단 분석의 관행과 문제점. <사회과학>, 43권 1호, 63-112.
37. 이정화·김호영·강정석. (2017). 외로움이 SNS 중독 경향성에 미치는 영향: 성별에 따른 대인관계 지향성의 조절 효과. <Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology>, 36권 2호, 154-164.
38. 이지은·성동규 (2013). 페이스북 이용과 대인네트워크 변화에 대한 한. 미 문화 간 비교 연구. 사회과학연구, 24권 1호, 257-281.
39. 전경란·임소혜 (2012). 청소년의 중독적 게임하기 맥락과 의미에 관한 연구. <한국게임학회 논문지>, 12권 6호, 83-94.
40. 정옥신·이재용 (2017). 중학생의 또래관계 형성과정에서 나타나는 관계역동에 관한 근거이론 연구. <상담학연구>, 18권 4호, 317-341.
41. 배상률·이창호·이정림 (2020). 청소년 미디어 이용 실태 및 대상별 정책대응방안 연구 Ⅰ: 초등학생. 한국청소년정책연구원. Retrieved 5/2/21 from https://www.nypi.re.kr/brdrr/boardrrView.do?menu_nix=4o9771b7&brd_id=BDIDX_PJk7xvf7L096m1g7Phd3YC&tab=
42. 조명희·김정모·류석상·김인혜 (2017). 청소년 스마트폰 과다사용에 있어서 SNS와 게임 집단 간 자기조절과 이용 동기의 차이. <청소년학연구>, 24권 2호, 297-317.
43. 최은영 (2020). 중학생의 사회적 관계와 스마트폰 의존도 관계에서 사회적 위축과 자아존중감의 매개효과: 성별에 따른 차이를 중심으로. <청소년학연구>, 27권 5호, 433-459.
44. 최정아 (2014, 11월). <청소년의 사회적 위축, 또래관계, 우울 간의 종단적 관계>. 한국콘텐츠학회 종합학술대회. 서울: 삼육대학교.
45. 최정원·전현희·오현정·홍세희 (2020). 초등학생의 스마트폰 사용 유형화 및 스마트폰 의존도와의 관계 분석- 연락 및 SNS 사용을 중심으로. <청소년학연구>, 27권 5호, 331-354.
46. 통계청 (2021). 2021 청소년 통계. Retrieved 8/9/21 from http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=389790&pageNo=&rowNum=10&amSeq=&sTarget=&sTxt=
47. 한국정보화진흥원 (2011). 스마트폰중독 진단척도 개발 연구. 서울: 한국정보화진흥원.
48. 한국정보화진흥원 (2016). 나와라, 스마트폰 세상밖으로. Retrieved 9/27/21 from https://www.gne.go.kr/upload_data/board_data/workroom/149215580692025.pdf
49. 홍세희 (2000). 구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. <Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology>, 19권 1호, 161-177.
50. 홍주영·도현심 (2002). 부부갈등 및 부모에 대한 애착과 청소년의 또래관계간의 관계. <한국가정관리학회지>, 20권 5호, 125-136.