Journal archive

The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 65 , No. 4

[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 5-69
Abbreviation: KSJCS
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 31 Aug 2021
Received 11 Dec 2020 Accepted 16 Jul 2021 Revised 05 Aug 2021
https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2021.65.4.001

팩트체크 뉴스가 매체 신뢰도에 미치는 영향
정성욱** ; 윤석민***
**서울대학교 언론정보연구소 선임연구원 (jj4863@naver.com)
***서울대학교 언론정보학과 교수 (sugminyoun@gmail.com)

Effect of fact-check news on media credibility rating
Sungwook Jung** ; Sugmin Youn***
**Senior Researcher, Institute of Communication Research, Seoul National University, first author (jj4863@naver.com)
***Professor, Department of Communication, Seoul National University, corresponding author (sugminyoun@gmail.com)
Funding Information ▼

초록

가짜 뉴스가 탈진실의 시대와 맞물려 민주주의를 교란시키고, 언론 신뢰 하락을 더욱 가속화시키고 있다. 이 같은 상황에서 크게는 민주주의를 지키고 작게는 무너진 언론의 신뢰를 재건하기 위해 최근 주목받고 있는 것이 바로 사실 검증 작업 곧 ‘팩트체크 뉴스’이다. 본 연구의 목적은 저널리즘의 새로운 형태인 이처럼 사실 여부를 알려주는 팩트체크 뉴스가 추락하는 언론 신뢰도를 회복시키고 위기의 언론을 다시 제자리로 돌릴 수 있을지 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 일반 뉴스와 구별되는 팩트체크 뉴스의 다양한 특징 가운데 2가지 특징, 즉 ‘판정 제시 방식’, 그리고 ‘판정의 명확성 여부’를 도출해 냈다. 그리고 이와 같은 두 가지 특징이 어떤 메커니즘을 통해 해당 매체의 신뢰도 회복에 영향을 미칠 수 있을지 실험을 통해 실증적으로 분석해 보았다. 분석 결과 수용자가 팩트체크 뉴스에 단지 노출되었다는 이유만으로 신뢰도가 증가하는 것은 아니었다. 매체 신뢰도 증가는 정치인의 주장을 검증한 팩트체크 뉴스의 경우 매개 효과를 통해 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 시각적 방식만이 동의 정도를 매개로 매체 신뢰도에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, 보수 단체의 주장을 검증한 팩트체크 뉴스에서는 조절된 매개 효과를 통해서 매체 신뢰도가 증가했다. 비록 제한적인 상황에서만 매체 신뢰도가 상승했지만 이와 같은 결과는 팩트체크 뉴스가 신뢰도 하락이라는 저널리즘 위기 상황을 극복할 수 있는 구체적 방안이 될 수 있음 또한 보여주는 것이다.

Abstract

Fake news, coupled with the post-truth era, is disrupting democracy and accelerating distrust in media. In this situation, ‘fact-check news,’ which verifies whether a statement is true, aims to rebuild the credibility of the media and protect democracy at large. The purpose of this study is to find out whether fact-check news, a new form of journalism, can restore the declining media credibility rating and recover the media in crisis. In this study, two of the characteristics of fact-check news distinct from general news were derived: The judgment presentation method (implicit method vs explicit method vs visual method) and the clarity of the judgment (mostly false vs false). We empirically analyzed through what mechanism these two characteristics could affect the credibility recovery of the media. The analysis showed that the media credibility rating did not increase just because the audiences were exposed to the fact-check news. The media credibility rating was found to increase through the mediated effect in the case of fact-check news that verified the claims of a politician. In other words, only the visual method had a significant effect on media credibility rating by mediating the extent of agreement. In addition, in the case of fact-check news, which verified the claim of a conservative group, media credibility rating increased through a moderated mediation effect. Although media credibility rating has risen only in limited circumstances, these results show that fact-check news may be a concrete way to overcome the crisis of declining credibility in journalism.


Keywordsfact-check news, media credibility rating, journalism, mediation effect
키워드: 저널리즘, 팩트체크 뉴스, 미디어 신뢰도, 매개효과

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Institute of Communication Research, Seoul National University in 2021 and modified and reorganized part of the researcher’s doctoral thesis in the Department of Communication, Seoul National University in 2020 (NRF-2018 S1A5B8070398) (이 연구는 2021년 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 연구기금의 지원을 받았으며 (NRF-2018 S1A5B8070398), 연구자의 2020년도 서울대학교 언론정보학과 박사학위 논문의 일부를 수정, 재구성한 것입니다.


References
1. Amazeen, M. A., Thorson, E., Muddiman, A., & Graves, L. (2018). Correcting political and consumer misperceptions: The effectiveness and effects of rating scale versus contextual correction formats. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(1), 28-48.
2. Barnhurst, K., & Nerone, J. (2002). The form of news: A history. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
3. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1252.
4. Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11(6), 717-726.
5. Byrne, S., & Hart, P. S. (2009). The boomerang effect a synthesis of findings and a preliminary theoretical framework. Annals of the International Communication Association, 33(1), 3-37.
6. Chang, Y.-S. (2019). Freedom of Speech and ‘fact check’. Public Law Journal, 20(1), 211-240.
7. Chen, Y., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2000). Unwanted thought: Age differences in the correction of social judgments. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 475.
8. Chung, E. (2019). Fact Check News and the Recovery of Credibility of South Korea’s Broadcast Journalism: Focusing on the Broadcast Reporters’ Perceptions on Formatting and News Values of Fact Check News. Studies of Broadcasting Culture, 31(1), 47-101.
9. Clayton, K., Blair, S., Busam, J. A., Forstner, S., Glance, J., Green, G., ... & Sandhu, M. (2019). Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media. Political Behavior, 42(4), 1073-1095.
10. Delli Carpini, M. X. (2000). In search of the informed citizen: What Americans know about politics and why it matters. The Communication Review, 4(1), 129-164.
11. Fishkin, J. S. (1991). Democracy and deliberation: New directions for democratic reform. Binghamton, New York: Vail-Ballou Press.
12. Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2007). The role of site features, user attributes, and information verification behaviors on the perceived credibility of web-based information. New media & society, 9(2), 319-342.
13. Fridkin, K., Kenney, P. J., & Wintersieck, A. (2015). Liar, liar, pants on fire: How fact-checking influences citizens’ reactions to negative advertising. Political Communication, 32(1), 127-151.
14. Gallup (2020). Americans Remain Distrustful of Mass Media. URL: https://news.gallup.com/poll/321116/americans-remain-distrustful-mass-media.aspx
15. Graves, L. (2016). Deciding what’s true: The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
16. Gronke, P., &Cook, T. E. (2007). Disdaining the media: The American public's changing attitudes toward the news.
17. Hanitzsch, T., van Dalen, A., & Steindl, N. (2018). The erosion of trust in the press as “spill-over” effect: A comparative and longitudinal analysis. Paper presented at the 66th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association.
18. Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford publications.
19. Hopmann, D. N., Shehata, A., &Strömbäck, J. (2015). Contagious media effects: How media use and exposure to game-framed news influence media trust. MassCommunication and Society, 18(6), 776-798.
20. Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4), 635-650.
21. Jung, S. (2018). In what situations does the ‘backfire effect’ or ‘attitude change’ of the audiences exposed to the fact check news occur? Mechanism study based on Elaboration Likelihood Model. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 32(4), 103-145.
22. Jung, S. (2020). A Study on the Improvement of Effectiveness of Fact Check News, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea.
23. Kao, D. T. (2013). The impacts of goal orientation, terminology effect, and source credibility on communication effectiveness. Journal of applied social psychology, 43(10), 2007-2016.
24. Kardes, F. R., Kim, J., & Lim, J.-S. (1994). Moderating effects of prior knowledge on the perceived diagnosticity of beliefs derived from implicit versus explicit product claims. Journal of Business Research, 29(3), 219-224.
25. Kim, S. & Baek, Y. M. (2018). The Effects of Fact-check News on Political Allegations during the Presidential Election: Persuasion or Boomerang Effect? Journal of communication research, 55(1), 161-194.
26. Kim, S. & Kim, W. G. (2017). Check the fact check. Media Issue, 3(7), 1-9.
27. Kim, S. H. (2014). Efforts to build a trustworthy society of the American media. Newspaper & Broadcasting, 21-26.
28. Kim, S. S. (2011). On Journalism in the Crisis. Journal of Communication Science, 11(3), 5-32.
29. Kohring, M., & Matthes, J. (2007). Trust in news media: Development and validation of a multidimensional scale. Communication research, 34(2), 231-252.
30. Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2014). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect. New York, New York: Three Rivers Press.
31. Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological bulletin, 108(3), 480.
32. Ladd, J. M. (2012). Why Americans hate the media and how it matters. Princeton University Press.
33. Lasswell, H. D. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. The communication of ideas, 37, 215-228.
34. Lee, M. (2003). Journalism: Continuing Crisis Change. Seoul: Nanam
35. Lee, T. T. (2010). Why they don’t trust the media: An examination of factors predicting trust. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(1), 8-21.
36. Lowrey, W., Young, M., & Cain, B. (2008). Quiz show radio news formats: a test of retention, involvement, attention, and perception of credibility. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 15(2), 136-149.
37. Ma, D. H., Auh, T. S., & Kim, S. H. (2013). A study on a Korean-style fact-checking model for the realization of publicity in journalism. Seoul: Korea Press Foundation.
38. McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G.Lindzey & E.Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed.) (pp. 43-65). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
39. McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-truth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Min, Y. (2016). When We Trust: The Effects of Journalistic Professionalism and Partisan Bias on the Public Trust in the Press and Politics. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 60(6), 127-156.
41. Na, E. K., Lee, G.H., & Kim, H. S. (2009). Social Implication of Reading/Writing Online Comments(Replies) in Representative Democracy : Internet News Comments(Replies), Political Trust, Media Trust, and Political Knowledge. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 53(1), 109-132.
42. Nerone, J., & Barnhurst, K. G. (2003). News form and the media environment: a network of represented relationships. Media, Culture & Society, 25(1), 111∼124.
43. Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330.
44. O’Keefe, D. J. (1999). How to handle opposing arguments in persuasive messages: A metaanalytic review of the effects of one-sided and two-sided messages. Annals of the International Communication Association, 22(1), 209-249.
45. Park, A., Lee, N., & Chung, E. (2018). Key Principles of Fact Check Journalism. Seoul: Korea Press Foundation.
46. Park, C.-Y. (2001). Decomposing of News Media Credibility in the Information Age: The Social Goodness of News is A Determinant to the Publics Perceived Media Credibility. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 15(3), 129-154.
47. Park, J.-Y. & Kim, S.-E. (2004). The Influence of Media Critique on Credibility Perception as Third-Person Effects. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 48(5), 295-318.
48. Pew Research Center (2018). Social media outpaces print newspapers in the U.S. as a news source. URL: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/social-media–outpaces-print-newspapers-in-the-u-s-as-a-news-source/
49. Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127.
50. Ratneshwar, S., & Chaiken, S. (1991). Comprehension's role in persuasion: The case of its moderating effect on the persuasive impact of source cues. Journal of consumer research, 18(1), 52-62.
51. Rimmer, T. (1986). Visual form complexity and TV news. Communication Research, 13(2), 221~238.
52. Roberts, C. (2010). Correlations among variables in message and messenger credibility scales. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(1), 43-56.
53. Robinson, J. P., & Levy, M. R. (1986). Interpersonal communication and news comprehension. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50(2), 160-175.
54. Schmeichel, B. J., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Intellectual performance and ego depletion: role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(1), 33.
55. Schudson, M. (1998). The good citizen: A history of American civic life. New York, NY: Martin Kessler Books.
56. Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2(2), 149-170.
57. Sears, D. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective exposure to information: A critical review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31(2), 194-213.
58. Sundar, S. S. (2000). Multimedia effects on processing and perception of online news: A study of picture, audio, and video downloads. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 480-499.
59. Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and instruction, 4(4), 295-312.
60. Turcotte, J., York, C., Irving, J., Scholl, R. M., & Pingree, R. J. (2015). News recommendations from social media opinion leaders: Effects on media trust and information seeking. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication,2(5), 520-535.
61. Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., Banks, A. J., & Davis, A. K. (2008). Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via the internet. Political Psychology, 29(2), 247-273.
62. Vanacker, B., & Belmas, G. (2009). Trust and the economics of news. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24(2-3), 110-126.
63. Warren, M. E. (Eds.) (1999). Democracy and trust. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
64. Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2019). The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence. Political Behavior, 41(1), 135-163.
65. Yang, H. (2012). Exploring the Influence of Online Advertising on the Perceived Credibility of News Stories and a News Website. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 56(6), 51-74.
66. Yang, K., & Holzer, M. (2006). The performance–trust link: Implications for performance measurement. Public Administration Review, 66(1), 114–126.
67. Youn, S. (2010). Focus on urgent crises and countermeasures in the market. Newspaper & Broadcasting, 26-30.
68. Young, D. G., Jamieson, K. H., Poulsen, S., & Goldring, A. (2017). Fact-checking effectiveness as a function of format and tone: Evaluating FactCheck. org and FlackCheck. org. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(1), 49-75.

부록
1. 김선호·김위근 (2017). 팩트체크를 체크한다. <미디어이슈>, 3권 7호, 1-9.
2. 김선호·백영민 (2018). 19대 대선 기간 후보자 간 의혹제기에 대한 팩트체크 뉴스의 설득효과. <언론정보연구>, 55권 1호, 161-194.
3. 김성해 (2014). 미국 언론의 신뢰사회 구축 노력. <신문과 방송>, 21-26.
4. 김승수 (2011). 한국저널리즘의 위기와 대안. <언론과학연구>, 11권 3호, 5-32.
5. 나은경·이강형·김현석 (2009). 댓글 읽기/쓰기를 통한 온라인 소통이 대의민주주의 사회에서 갖는 의미. <한국언론학보>, 53권 1호, 109-132.
6. 마동훈·오택섭·김선혁 (2013). <저널리즘 공공성 실현을 위한 한국형 팩트체킹 모델 연구> (연구보고서 2013-06). 서울: 한국언론진흥재단.
7. 민영 (2016). 신뢰의 조건: 저널리즘 전문성과 정파적 편향성이 언론 신뢰와 정치 신뢰에 미치는 영향. <한국언론학보>, 60권 6호, 127-158.
8. 박아란·이나연·정은령 (2018).<팩트체크 저널리즘의 주요 원칙>(연구서 2018-01). 서울: 한국언론재단.
9. 박재영·김세은 (2004). 열독신문에 대한 비판이 독자의 신뢰도 인식에 미치는 영향. <한국언론학보>, 48권 5호, 295-318.
10. 박정의 (2001). 다매체 시대의 매체별 신뢰도 분석; 온라인과 전통 매체의 변별 요소-뉴스의 사회성. <한국방송학보>, 15권 3호, 129-154.
11. 양혜승 (2012). 뉴스사이트의 광고가 뉴스사이트 및 뉴스기사에 대한 수용자의 신뢰도 인식에 미치는 영향. <한국언론학보>, 56권 6호, 51-74.
12. 윤석민 (2010, 2월). 시장에서의 시급한 위기와 대책에 집중할 것. <신문과 방송>, 26-30.
13. 이민웅 (2003). <저널리즘:위기 변화 지속>. 서울 나남.
14. 장영수 (2019). 언론의 자유와 ‘팩트체크’(fact check). <공법학연구>, 20 권 1 호, 211-240.
15. 정성욱 (2018). 팩트체크 뉴스를 접한 수용자의 ‘역효과’나 ‘태도 변화’는 어떤 상황에서 나타나는가? <한국방송학보>, 32권 4호, 103-145.
16. 정성욱 (2020). <팩트체크 뉴스의 실효성 증진에 관한 연구>. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문.
17. 정은령 (2019). 팩트체크 뉴스와 한국 방송 저널리즘의 신뢰 회복: 방송 기자들의 팩트체크 뉴스 양식과 뉴스가치에 대한 인식을 중심으로. <방송문화연구>, 31권 1호, 47-101.
18. Fishkin, J. S. (1991). Democracy and deliberation: New directions for democratic reform. Binghamton, New York: Vail-Ballou Press. 김원용 (역) (2003). <민주주의와 공론조사>. 서울: 이화여자대학교 출판부.
19. Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2014). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect. New York, New York: Three Rivers Press. 이재경 (역) (2014). <저널리즘의 기본 원칙>. 서울: 한국언론진흥재단.