Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication (KSJCS)
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 65, No. 1, pp.104-147
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 28 Feb 2021
Received 09 Oct 2020 Accepted 29 Jan 2021 Revised 05 Feb 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2021.65.1.104

지역 언론의 구조적 악순환과 전략적 대안

강주현** ; 최창식***
**부산대학교 미디어커뮤니케이션학과 강사 kmunhak@hanmail.net
***부산대학교 교육인증원 강사 choics1@pusan.ac.kr
Structural changes in local journalism and the future of local media : In-depth interviews with local newspaper journalists
Ju Hyun Kang** ; Chang shik Choi***
**Instructor, Department of Media & Communication, Pusan National University, 1st author kmunhak@hanmail.net
***Lecturer, Office for Education Accreditation, Pusan National University, corresponding author choics1@pusan.ac.kr

초록

지리적 공간에 기반했던 전통적 개념의 지역성이 교통과 통신 등의 발달로 인해 다층적이고 복합적인 지역성 개념으로 진화하고 있다. 지역 언론 역시 달라진 매체 환경 속에서 새로이 지역성을 확립하고 그들 나름의 생존과 발전을 모색해야 할 상황에 처했다. 이 연구는 지역지 기자, 전국지 지역 담당 기자들과 심층 인터뷰를 통해 그들이 현재 인식하는 지역성의 개념, 지역 언론의 존재 가치, 지역 언론의 위기 인식 및 원인 진단, 그들이 생각하는 대안을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 지역지 기자들은 우선 전통적인 공간 중심의 개념으로 지역 보도에 접근했으며, 스스로를 지역의 사관(史官), 지역민의 대변자, 지역 이익의 수호자로 인식했다. 그러나 포털 중심의 온라인 저널리즘 환경이 형성되면서 지역 언론이 배제된 뉴스 유통 구조가 지역 언론의 영향력 약화와 지역 언론의 경제적 토대를 붕괴시키는 원인이 되었다고 진단했다. 또한, 지역 언론 내부 문제점으로는 변화에 기민하게 대응하지 못하는 편집국의 보수적 문화, 지역 뉴스 이용자의 참여 한계 등을 토로했다. 지역 언론의 생존 방안으로 지역 기자들은 동영상 콘텐츠 등을 제작하며 종래의 틀을 벗어날 필요성을 제기하였다. 이어 지역 언론의 새로운 활로로 제시되어 온 신지역주의나 하이퍼-로컬리즘에 관한 지역 언론인들의 인식을 알아보았다.

Abstract

As technology continues to develop and diffuse rapidly, drastic changes are taking place in various areas of our contemporary society, including the media environment and market. Local media, including local newspapers and local broadcasting stations are no exception to such change. In addition, as the traditional concept of locality, which is based on geographic space and boundary, evolves into a more multi-layered and complex concept of locality due to the development of transportation and communication technology, local media have been called on to newly establish the concept of locality in the changing media environment and required to seek their own way of survival and development. Beginning from this background, the current study conducted in-depth interviews with eight local newspaper reporters, including reporters from local newspapers and local correspondents of nation-wide newspapers. In the interviews with the reporters, the researchers asked several pivotal and probing questions, including those regarding the concept of locality they have in mind as local reporters, the meaning of the existence of local media, the current crisis and its causes surrounding their medium, and possible alternatives in their struggle for existence. After analysis, the researchers found that the interviewees from local newspapers are still sticking to the region-based traditional concept of locality and recognize themselves as chroniclers of local issues and history, advocates of the local people, and defenders of local interests against the central government. On the one hand, however, they confessed that the current local media crisis was caused not only by the external environment, such as increase of online news media, portal news, and breaking-news competition, but also internal problems, for example, the conservative atmosphere of their organization and internal resistance toward work environment changes. In addition, the interviewees suggested the necessity of crossover media production and deviations from existing practices. For example, newspaper companies need to have the ability to create and provide video content to their subscribers through different channels, such as YouTube, even though they have been known as newspaper companies through the decades in their respective regions. However, the researchers were not able to catch the recognition of neo-localism or hyper-localism, which have been suggested as new directions for the local media, from the interviewees. In summary, in order for the local media to overcome the current crisis and find a new way of survival and prosperity, it is recommended that they evolve their conception of locality into a multi-faceted one and become aware of new trends involving media localism.

Keywords:

local journalism, locality, neo-localism, hyper-localism

키워드:

지역 언론, 지역성, 신지역주의, 하이퍼 로컬리즘

Acknowledgments

지역 언론의 발전을 위해 이 연구의 인터뷰에 적극 응해주셨던 부산경남지역 기자님께 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 또한 좋은 논문으로 거듭날 수 있도록 많은 조언을 해주신 세 분의 심사 위원께도 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

References

  • Ali, C. (2016). Critical regionalism and the policies of place: Revisiting localism for the digital age. Communication Theory, 26, 106–127. [https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12091]
  • An, S. (2018). The strategic operation of cable local origination channels : Focusing on locality and diversity. Society for Journalism & Communication Studies, 22(3), 36-72. [https://doi.org/10.47020/JLC.2018.08.22.3.36]
  • Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London, UK: Verso.
  • Anderson, C. W., Downie, L., & Schudson, M. (2016). The news media: What everyone needs to know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190206192.001.0001]
  • Bergström, A., Strömbäck, J., & Arkhede, S. (2019). Towards rising inequalities in newspaper and television news consumption? A longitudinal analysis, 2000–2016. European Journal of Communication, 34, 175-189. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119830048]
  • Cha, M., Kwak, H., Rodrigues, P., Ahn, Y., & Moon, S. (2007, October). I tube, you tube, everybody tubes: Analyzing the world’s largest user generated content video system. Paper presented at the 2007 ACM Internet Measurement Conference, San Diego, CA. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1298306.1298309 [https://doi.org/10.1145/1298306.1298309]
  • Chambers, T. (2003). Structural changes in small media markets. The Journal of Media Economics, 16, 41-59. [https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327736ME1601_4]
  • Chen, N. N., Ognyanova, K., Zhang, C., Wang, C., Ball-Rokeach, S. J., & Parks, M. (2017). Causing ripples in local power relations: The meso-level influence of a hyperlocal news website. Journalism Studies, 18(6), 710–731. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1078738]
  • Cho, H. -J. (2009). The theory and history in broadcasting in Korea. Seoul: Nonhyung.
  • Choi, N. -J. (2004). A comparative study of local newspapers' news frame focus on nuclear waste site reporting. Korean Journal of Communication & Information, 27, 283-316.
  • Connery, C. L. (1996). Oceanic and regional imagination. In R. Wilson & W. Dissanayake (eds.), Global/Local: Cultural production and the transnational imaginary (pp. 284-311). Durham, NC: Duke University press. [https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822381990-012]
  • Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Das, K. (2004). Uneven development and regionalism: A critique of received theories. Economic & Political Weekly, 39, 4917-4925.
  • Dunbar-Hester, C. (2013). What’s local? Localism as a discursive boundary object in low-power radio policymaking. Communication, Culture & Critique, 6, 501-524. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12027]
  • Firmstone, J. (2016). Mapping changes in local news. Journalism Practice, 10, 928-938. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1165136]
  • Franklin, B. (2008). The future of newspaper. Journalism Practice, 2, 630-641. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802280984]
  • Gläser, J., & Laudel, G. (2009). Experteninterviews and qualitative inhaltsanalyse (3rd. ed). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91538-8_4]
  • Goggin, G., Martin, F., & Dwyer, T. (2015). Locative news: Mobile media, place informatics, and digital news. Journalism Studies, 16, 41–59. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.890329]
  • Han, J. M., Park. E. H., Jung, I. S., & Joo, J. M. (2017). New broadcasting theory (2nd ed.). Seoul: CommunicationBooks.
  • Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2017). What is news? News values revisited (again). Journalism Studies, 18, 1470-1488. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193]
  • Huh, W., & Jung, C. W. (2013, June 1). The way to live in local newspapers is in the local. Media today. URL: http://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=109759
  • Hujanen, J., Lehtisaari, K., Lindén, C., & Grönlund, M. (2019). Emerging forms of hyperlocal media: The case of Finland. Nordicom Review, 40(Special Issue 2), 101–114. [https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2019-0029]
  • Hwang, H. J. (2019, April 4). Press union conference "Request for revision of local newspaper law". Maeilsinmun. URL: http://news.imaeil.com/SocietyAll/2019040415474956535
  • Im, Y. -H. (2002a). Spatial understanding in Korean broadcasting research and disciplinary identity: The case of local-broadcasting research. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 16(2), 275-303.
  • Im, Y. -H. (2002b). Newspaper industry and democracy in transition period. Seoul: Hannarae.
  • Im, Y. -H. (2013). Understanding newspaper media (3rd ed.). Seoul: Hannarae.
  • Jankowski, N. W., & Wester, F. (1991). The qualitative tradition in social science inquiry: Contributions to mass communication research. In K. B. Jensen & N. W. Jankowsky (1991). A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research (pp. 44-74). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Joo, J. -M. (2018). A study on the system operators franchise and the realization of locality. Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research, 102, 80-103.
  • Kang, K. K. (2017, June 5). Rep. Noh Chang-seop, "Shinsegae Starfield Changwon should be stopped". Newsis. URL: https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20170605_0000003981
  • Kang, M. -H. (2005). A study on qualitative evaluation of local television programs. Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research, 61, 177-202.
  • Kang, M. -H. (2013). A study on the scale development for the qualitative measurement of local broadcasting programs. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 27(6), 7-36.
  • Kim, D. -Y., & Kim, S. -H. (2013). Fragile infrastructure and obsolete content: Evaluating professionalism and impartiality over local newspapers. Journal of Communication Science, 13(2), 85-122.
  • Kim, H. D. (2019, July 1). ‘Condemning Naver’s local media discrimination’ one-man relay protest. Busanilbo. URL: http://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=2019070119422110160
  • Kim, S. -H., & Yoo, J. -W. (2012). A qualitative study on the way of locality implementations of local newspaper: Focusing on Columbia Daily Tribune in U. S. Journal of Communication Science, 12(4), 107-140.
  • Kim, Y. S., & Kang, K. S. (2013). An exploratory study on the evolutionary way of local media. Journal of Speech, Media and Communication Research, 22, 190-217.
  • Kim, Y. S., & Kang, K. S. (2014). The relative importance and priority of decision elements in localism implementation of local newspaper’s journalists. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 58(1), 331-355.
  • Kim, Y. S., & Kim, Y. -S. (2011). A study on local newspapers multimedia production and realization of localism. Journal of Communication Science, 11(4), 174-202.
  • Kim, Y. S., & Lee, K. Y. (2010). Neo-localism and contents strategy of local broadcastings. Proceedings of Annual Fall conference of the Korean Association for Broadcasting & Telecommunication Studies, 25-42.
  • Kim, Y. S., & Lim, J. (2010). A study on the perceptions of local broadcasters neo-localism strategies. Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research, 72, 103-129.
  • Kim, Y. S., & Lim, J. (2011). A study on the perceptions and present conditions of local broadcaster's contents using local cultural branding. Journal of Communication Science, 11(1), 5-42.
  • Kim, W. H. (2015, December 3). This is hyper-locality!. PD Journal. URL: http://www.pdjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=57164
  • Kim, W. -G. (2014). The influence of portal site news services on online journalism in Korea : The structural transformation or the power change in the news distribution. Korean Journal of Communication & Information, 66, 5-28.
  • Korea Press Foundation (2019a). The Korean press yearbook 2019. Seoul: Korea Press Foundation.
  • Korea Press Foundation (2019b). Media users in Korea 2019 (Research report No. 2019-01). Seoul: Korea Press Foundation.
  • Kurpius, D. D., Metzgar, E. T., & Rowley, K. M. (2010). Sustaining hyperlocal media: In search of funding models. Journalism Studies, 11, 359-376. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903429787]
  • Lee, I. W., & Shim, S. (1998). People who want to change the world: The story of the Hankyoreh past 10 years. Seoul: Hankyoreh.
  • Lee. J. H. (2020, September 22). Inadquate traffic impact assessment for Starfield Changwon, citizens are the victim. Yonhapnews. URL: https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200922147400052
  • Lee, J. -S., Lee, Y. -S., & Lee, M. -Y. (2009). The Impact of portal-oriented news consumption on the role of news agencies. Journal of Communication Science, 9(3), 355-387.
  • Lee, K. Y. (2014). Localism and the role of local broadcasters from the perspective of Actor Network Theory. Society for Journalism & Communication Studies, 18(1), 135-164.
  • Lee, S. (2017). Alternative meaning and possibility of local space in terms of scale. In J. Mun, M. Rhee, M. Cho, Y. Cha, K. Park, S. Lee,...S. Jang (Eds.), Discourses of locality and humanities (pp. 178-211). Seoul: Somyong.
  • Lee, S. K. (2017, April 26). Argument to the plan of “Starfield” shopping mall on the site of the 39th Div. in Changwon. Kyungnamsinmun. URL: http://m.knnews.co.kr/mView.php?idxno=1213012
  • Lee. S. W. (2006, March 23). GM Daewoo, Banning journalists today?. Kyungnamdominilbo. URL: http://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=181581
  • Lee, W. (2018). Eroding journalism due to conflicts between news media and portal. Kwanhun Journal, 60(3), 91-100.
  • Lee. W. S. (2019, May 23). Press union called for “Naver should apologize for excluding local media”. Kyungsangilbo. URL: http://www.ksilbo.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=695510
  • Lim, J. (2017). A question of symbiosis between Naver and news media. Kwanhun Journal, 144, 18-25.
  • Local Press Committee (n.d.). Fund support report. URL: http://www.cln.or.kr/n_sub3_10.php
  • McCain, T. A., & Lowe, G. F. (1990). Localism in Western European radio broadcasting: Untangling the wireless. Journal of Communication, 40, 86-101. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02253.x]
  • Meijer, I. C. (2010). Democratizing journalism? Realizing the citizen’s agenda for local news media. Journalism Studies, 11(3), 327-342. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903500256]
  • Mun, J. (2017). Recognition of boundaries and humanities of locality. In J. Mun, M. Rhee, M. Cho, Y. Cha, K. Park, S. Lee,...S. Jang (Eds.), Discourses of locality and humanities (pp. 23-52). Seoul: Somyong.
  • Negrine, R. & Lilleker, D. (2003). The rise of a proactive local media strategy in British political communication: Clear continuities and evolutionary change 1966-2001. Journalism Studies, 4, 199-211. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670032000074793]
  • Park, C. W., Kim, K. H., & Shin, J. A. (2019). Local contents and culture mapping. Seoul: Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Knowledge Press.
  • Park. S. S. (2019, August 12). Naver invites three additional local media to appease angry local opinion?, PD Journal. URL: https://www.pdjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=70356
  • Radcliffe, D. (2012). Here and now: UK hyperlocal media today. London, UK: Nesta. Retrieved from https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/19/here_and_now_uk_hyperlocal_media_today.pdf
  • Rao, S. (2011). The “LOCAL” In global media ethics. Journalism Studies, 12(6), 780-790. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2011.614818]
  • Rhee, M. (2017). Problems of existence and perception about locality. In J. Mun, M. Rhee, M. Cho, Y. Cha, K. Park, S. Lee,...S. Jang (Eds.), Discourses of locality and humanities (pp. 53-79). Seoul: Somyong.
  • Roh, K. Y., & Lee, J. B. (2017). Exploring alternative and freedom of space in virtual reality. Paju: Hanul mplus.
  • Ryu, H. H. (2006). Achievements and Tasks of the local press committee. Proceedings of Annual Spring conference of the The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies, 673-684.
  • Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social science (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Song, H., & Yang, J. (2017). Online news portal service and changes in news distribution: Big data analysis of Naver news in 2000-2017. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 61(4), 74-109.
  • Thurman, N., Pascal, J., & Bradshaw, P. (2012). Can big media do big society? A critical case study of commercial, convergent hyperlocal news. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 8(2&3), 269-285. [https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.8.2-3.269_1]
  • Yang, S. -H. (2013). Time series analysis of terrestrial TV news in Daejeon & Chungnam: Focusing on realization of locality. Journal of Social Science, 24(4), 195-216. [https://doi.org/10.16881/jss.2013.10.24.4.195]
  • Yoon, S. -M., Kim, H. -J., Yoon, T. -J., & Moon, T. -J. (2004). Broadcasting localism in its ideal and actuality. Media & Society, 12(2), 121-156.
  • Yoon, J. -S., & Lee, O. -H. (2011). A Study on the ways for local governments to control local media: Focusing on the areas of Gwangju and Jeonnam. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 55(4), 358-381.
  • Yoon. S. H. (2018, August 1). Before constructing Starfield's Changwon, a 'surrounding commercial district impact investigation' should be performed. OhmyNews, URL: http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002459739

Appendix

부록

  • 강경국 (2017, 6, 5). 노창섭 의원, "신세계 스타필드 창원 건립 중단해야", <뉴시스>. URL: https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20170605_0000003981
  • 강명현 (2005). 지역방송 프로그램의 질적 평가: 지역성 지수 개발을 위한 시론적 연구. <방송통신연구>, 통권 61호, 177-202.
  • 강명현 (2013). 지역방송 프로그램의 질적 측정을 위한 척도개발 및 평가에 관한 연구. <한국방송학보>, 27권 6호, 7-36.
  • 김동윤·김성해 (2013). 열악한 인프라와 차별성 없는 뉴스: 지역신문의 뉴스 콘텐츠 전문성과 공정성 평가. <언론과학연구>, 13권 2호, 85-122.
  • 김송희·유종원 (2012). 지역신문의 지역성 구현 방식에 관한 질적연구: 미국 <콜롬비아 데일리 트리뷴>을 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 12권 4호, 107-140.
  • 김영수·강경수 (2013). 로컬 미디어의 진화 방향에 대한 탐색적 연구: 『경남도민일보』 사례를 중심으로. <한국소통학보>, 통권 22호, 190-217.
  • 김영수·강경수 (2014). AHP를 이용한 지역언론인들의 지역성 평가요인의 우선순위 분석: 지역신문 기자들의 인식을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 58권 1호, 331-355.
  • 김영수·김연식 (2011). 지역신문 멀티미디어 콘텐츠 생산과 지역성 구현에 관한 연구: 부산일보 사례를 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 11권 4호, 174-202.
  • 김영수·이근용 (2010). 지역방송의 신지역주의와 콘텐츠 전략. <한국방송학회 학술대회 논문집>, 25-42.
  • 김영수·임종수 (2010). 지역방송인들의 신지역주의 전략에 대한 인식 연구. <방송통신연구>, 통권 72호, 103-129.
  • 김영수·임종수 (2011). 지역문화브랜딩 콘텐츠를 활용한 지역방송 콘텐츠 현황과 인식에 관한 연구. <언론과학연구>, 11권 1호, 5-42.
  • 김욱한 (2015, 12, 3). 하이퍼로컬리티란 이런 것이다! <PD저널>. URL: http://www.pdjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=57164
  • 김위근 (2014). 포털 뉴스서비스와 온라인 저널리즘의 지형: 뉴스 유통의 구조 변동 혹은 권력 변화. <한국언론정보학보>, 통권 66호, 5-28.
  • 김희돈 (2019, 7, 1). ‘네이버 지역 차별 규탄’ 릴레이 1인 시위. <부산일보>. URL: http://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=2019070119422110160
  • 노기영·이준복 (2017). <뉴미디어와 공간의 전환: 가상현실 공간의 대안성과 자유에 대한 탐구>. 파주: 한울엠플러스(주)
  • 류한호 (2006). 지역신문발전위원회의 성과와 과제. <한국언론학회 학술대회 발표논문집>, 673-684.
  • 문종대·안차수 (2013). 디지털 구조조정 시대의 지역신문 생존전략. <지역과 커뮤니케이션>, 17권 2호, 33-61.
  • 박수선 (2019, 8, 12). 네이버, 지역언론사 3곳 추가 입점 추진...성난 지역여론 달래기?. <PD저널>. URL: https://www.pdjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=70356
  • 박치완·김기홍·신정아 (2019). <로컬콘텐츠와 컬처 매핑: 디지털 사회를 이해하는 소통의 플랫폼, 지도>. 서울: 한국외국어대학교 지식출판콘텐츠원.
  • 송해엽·양재훈 (2017). 포털 뉴스 서비스와 뉴스 유통 변화. <한국언론학보>, 61권 4호, 74-109.
  • 안수근 (2018). 케이블TV 지역채널 운영 전략 연구: 지역성과 다양성을 중심으로. <지역과 커뮤니케이션>, 22권 3호, 36-72.
  • 양선희 (2013). 대전·충남 지역 지상파 TV 뉴스의 시계열적 분석: 지역성 구현을 중심으로. <사회과학연구>, 24권 4호, 195-216.
  • 윤석민·김희진·윤상길·문태준 (2004). 방송에서의 이념형적 지역주의와 그 현실적 전개. <언론과 사회>, 12권 2호, 121-156.
  • 윤성효 (2018, 8, 1). 스타필드 창원입점 전 '주변 상권영향조사' 해야. <오마이뉴스>. URL: http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002459739
  • 윤주성·이오현 (2011). 지방정부의 지역언론 통제방식에 관한 연구: 광주·전남 지역을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 55권 4호, 358-381.
  • 이근용 (2014). 행위자 네트워크 이론으로 본 지역성과 지역방송의 역할. <지역과 커뮤니케이션>, 18권 1호, 135-164.
  • 이명수 (2017). 로컬리티에 관한 존재와 인식의 문제. 문재원 외 (편), <로컬리티 담론과 인문학> (53-79쪽). 서울: 소명출판.
  • 이상봉 (2017). 스케일의 측면에서 본 로컬공간의 대안적 의미와 가능성. 문재원 외 (편), <로컬리티 담론과 인문학> (178-211쪽). 서울: 소명출판.
  • 이슬기 (2017, 4, 26). 창원 39사 부지 ‘스타필드’ 쇼핑몰 입점 계획에 ‘갑론을박’. <경남신문>. URL: http://m.knnews.co.kr/mView.php?idxno=1213012
  • 이시우 (2006, 3, 23). GM대우, 오늘은 기자 출입금지?. <경남도민일보>. RL: http://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=181581
  • 이완수 (2018). 언론포털 갈등에 저널리즘이 망가진다. <관훈저널>, 60권 3호, 91-100.
  • 이왕수 (2019, 5, 23). 언론노조 “네이버 지역언론 배제 사과” 촉구. <경상일보>. URL: http://www.ksilbo.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=695510
  • 이인우·심산 (1998). <세상을 바꾸고 싶은 사람들: 한겨레신문 10년의 이야기>. 서울: 한겨레신문사.
  • 이재신·이영수·이민영 (2009). 포털 중심의 뉴스 소비환경이 뉴스통신사의 역할에 미친 영향. <언론과학연구>, 9권 3호, 355-387.
  • 이정훈 (2020, 9, 22). 스타필드 창원점 교통영향평가 부실…피해는 시민 몫. <연합뉴스>. URL: https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200922147400052
  • 임영호 (2002a). 공간 이론을 통해 본 한국 방송학의 정체성 문제: 지역방송 관련 연구를 중심으로. <한국방송학보>, 16권 2호, 275-303.
  • 임영호 (2002b). <전환기의 신문 산업과 민주주의>. 서울: 한나래.
  • 임영호 (2013). <신문원론>. 서울: 한나래 출판사.
  • 임종섭 (2017). 포털 공룡 네이버 언론과 상생할 수 있을까. <관훈저널>, 144, 18-25.
  • 조항제 (2009). <한국방송의 이론과 역사>. 서울: 논형.
  • 주정민 (2018). 종합유선방송 사업자의 지역 사업권과 지역성 구현에 관한 연구. <방송통신연구>, 통권 102호, 80-103.
  • 지역신문발전위원회 (n.d.). 자금지원 현황. URL: http://www.cln.or.kr/n_sub3_10.php
  • 최낙진 (2004). 지역신문 뉴스 프레임 비교: 핵폐기장 관련 보도를 중심으로. <한국언론정보학보>, 통권 27호, 283-316.
  • 한국언론진흥재단(2019a). <2019 한국언론연감>. 서울: 한국언론진흥재단.
  • 한국언론진흥재단 (2019b). 2019 언론수용자 조사 (조사분석 2019-01). 서울: 한국언론진흥재단.
  • 한진만·박은희·정인숙·주정민 (2017). <새로운 방송론>. 서울: 커뮤니케이션북스.
  • 허완·정철운 (2013, 6, 1). 지역신문의 살 길, 결국 지역에 있다. <미디어오늘>. URL: http://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=109759
  • 황희진 (2019, 4, 4). 언론노조 기자회견 "지역 신문법 개정 요구". <매일신문>. URL: http://news.imaeil.com/SocietyAll/2019040415474956535
  • Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. 윤형숙 (역) (2002). <상상의 공동체: 민족주의의 기원과 전파에 대한 성찰>. 파주: 나남.
  • Connery, C. L. (1996). Oceanic and regional imagination. In R. Wilson & W. Dissanayake (eds.), Global/Local: Cultural production and the transnational imaginary (pp. 284-311). 김용규 (역) (2019). <글로벌/로컬: 문화 생산과 초국적 상상계>. 서울: 에코리브르.
  • Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd ed.). 조흥식 ·정선욱 ·김진숙 ·권지성 (공역) (2010). <질적 연구방법론: 다섯 가지 전통>. 서울: 학지사.
  • Gläser, J., & Laudel, G. (2009). Experteninterviews and qualitative inhaltsanalyse (3rd. ed). 우상수 ·정수정 (공역) (2012). <전문가 인터뷰와 질적 내용분석>. 서울: 커뮤니케이션북스
  • Jankowski, N. W., & Wester, F. (1991). The qualitative tradition in social science inquiry: Contributions to mass communication research. In K. B. Jensen & N. W. Jankowsky (1991). A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research (pp. 44-74). 김승현 ·김신동 ·김영찬 ·김예란 ·윤태진 ·이상길 ·전규찬 (공역) (2004). <미디어 연구의 질적 방법론> . 서울: 일신사.
  • Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social science (3rd ed.). 박혜준 ·이승연 (공역) (2009). <질적 연구 방법으로서의 면담: 사회과학 분야의 연구자들을 위한 안내서>. 서울: 학지사.