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미디어가 재현하는 가상의 친족으로서 공동체 가족과 청년 담론의 재생산: 텔레비전 다큐멘터리 서사분석을 중심으로
초록
오늘날 목격되는 다양한 가족 형태와 이를 둘러싼 담론의 투쟁들은 기존 가족의 범주와 정의에 물음을 던지며, 새로운 형태의 공동체적 삶에 대해 고민하게 한다. 이 연구는 비전형 가족들(non-typical families) 중 하나인 공동체 가족(community family)을 가상의 친족(fictive kin) 이론을 토대로 개념화하고, 2010년 이후 방영된 텔레비전 다큐멘터리 여덟 편의 서사 분석을 진행했다. 그 결과, 공동체 가족을 재현한 프로그램들의 등장인물들은 모두 세대 문제와 유사한 가치관을 공유하는 청년들로, 서로 정신적·물질적 자원을 공유하며 유동적인 연대를 구성하고 있었다. 이때 텍스트는 등장인물 간의 대비와 조화, 문제의 원인 탐색과 분석을 생략하는 서사 구조, 공동체 가족의 희망적인 이미지만을 강조하는 담화 구성 등 다양한 서사 전략을 구사하고 있었다. 이를 통해, 사회구조적인 차원에서 논의되어야 할 세대 문제는 청년 개인의 책임으로 소급되고, 이들의 공동체 가족은 신자유주의 시대에 개인이 대응할 수 있는 차선책으로만 기능하고 있었다. 특히, 사회가 이상화하는 낭만적인 청춘 서사의 재현은 그들 이면에 존재할 구조적인 문제의 심각성을 희석하고 있었다. 결국, 국내 다큐멘터리는 외형상 가족 유연성(family flexibility) 담론을 지지하는 공동체 가족을 등장시켰지만 실상 이들의 기능과 의미는 정상가족의 규범성에 기대어 평가되고, 청년 개인에게 책임을 전가하고 공동체의 낭만성을 강조하는 서사로 인해, 공동체 가족의 형태적·실천적 차원의 가능성은 현실적인 한계를 보여주고 있었다. 이러한 재현은 비단 청년들의 공동체 가족에만 한정된 것이 아닌, 소위 정상성에서 탈피한 여타의 비전형 가족들의 재현 이면에서도 존재하는 맥락일 수 있다. 이러한 다층적인 담론들을 해석해 나갈 때, 공동체 가족을 포함해 미디어 재현 대상이 지닌 본래적 상징성에 더욱 가까워질 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
The discursive struggle over diverse family structures that is seen in current society questions the range and the definition of the typical notion of family and makes people think about new forms of communal life. This study conceptualizes community family, which is a type of a ‘non-typical’ family, based on the fictive kin theory by analyzing the narrative of eight television documentaries that have been aired in South Korea since 2010. The subjects of the documentary that depicts community family are all youths who share generational problems and values, and they form fluid solidarity by sharing mental and material resources with each other. The text utilized a variety of narrative strategies: providing contrast and harmony among the characters, adopting a narrative structure that omits the exploration and the analysis of the causes of a problem, and illustrating only the hopeful image of a community family. Respectively, the generational problem that should be discussed at the socio-structural level became the sole responsibility of the youth and community family was only the second-best option for individuals to respond to the neo-liberal era. In particular, the reproduction of the idealized and romanticized discourse of the youth devalued the seriousness of the structural problem that lies beneath. Korean documentaries have featured community family that seemed to support the discourse of family flexibility. However, the community family’s function and meaning were evaluated against the normality of the typical notion of family. Due to the narrative that shifts the responsibility to the individual youth and emphasizes the romanticism of the community, the possibility of the community family at morphological and practical levels showed realistic limitations. This context of reproduction is not only limited to the community family of the youth but could also exist in the reproduction of any kind of ‘non-typical’ family. Interpretating these multilayered discourses allows us to step closer to the inherent symbolic meaning of the subjects that are being represented by the media, such as the community family.
Keywords:
Community family, Fictive kin, Family diversity, Youth generation, Television documentary, Representation키워드:
공동체 가족, 가상의 친족, 가족 다양성, 청년 세대, 텔레비전 다큐멘터리, 재현Acknowledgments
This study modifies the Ph.D thesis of Hwanhee Kim at Ewha Womans University by reanalyzing the newly added subjects. 이 연구는 김환희의 이화여자대학교 박사학위 논문(2019)을 대폭 수정하고, 새로운 연구대상을 추가해 재분석했습니다.
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