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The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication (KSJCS)
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 66, No. 4, pp.187-218
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 31 Aug 2022
Received 30 May 2022 Revised 15 Aug 2022 Accepted 31 Aug 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2022.66.4.006

화면 크기에 따른 영상제작기법 차이에 대한 내용 분석 : 영화, TV, 모바일 미디어를 중심으로

안지훈* ; 정세훈**
*고려대학교 미디어학부 박사과정 jihunahn@korea.ac.kr
**고려대학교 미디어학부 교수 sjeong@korea.ac.kr
A Content Analysis of Visual Production Techniques Across Different Screen Sizes : An Analysis of Movies, TV, and Mobile Media
Jihun Ahn* ; Se-Hoon Jeong**
*Ph.D. Student, School of Media and Communication, Korea University jihunahn@korea.ac.kr
**Professor, School of Media and Communication, Korea University, Corresponding author sjeong@korea.ac.kr

초록

본 연구에서는 화면 크기 (영화, TV, 모바일 미디어)에 따라 샷의 구도, 샷의 길이/밀도 그리고 샷의 움직임과 같은 영상제작기법에 차이가 있는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 매개 정보 처리의 제한용량모형(the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing)을 이론틀로 활용하였다. 구체적으로, 이 모형에 따르면 인간이 가진 인지적 자원의 한계를 넘어서는 정보가 처리되기 어려우며, 미디어의 화면 크기 및 영상제작기법에 따라 요구하는 인지적 자원이 다르기 때문에 화면 크기에 적합한 영상제작기법이 사용될 것으로 예측되었다. 이를 검증하기 위해 내용분석 방법을 활용하여 2018년부터 2020년까지 3년간 3개의 미디어(영화, TV 그리고 모바일)에서 흥행도(상, 중, 하)에 따라 표집된 27개의 동영상의 3개 부분(전반부, 중반부, 후반부)을 표집하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 샷의 구도(클로즈업, 바스트샷, 웨이스트샷, 니샷, 풀샷)와 관련하여 화면 크기가 클수록 상대적으로 풀샷이 많이 사용되었으며 화면 크기가 작을수록 상대적으로 클로즈업과 바스트샷이 많이 사용되는 경향을 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 화면 크기가 커질수록 많은 인지적 자원이 요구되므로, 인지적 자원을 적게 요구하는 먼 샷의 구도(예, 풀샷)을 많이 사용하는 반면 인지적 자원을 많이 요구하는 가까운 샷의 구도(예, 클로즈업)를 덜 사용하는 것으로 설명 가능하다. 둘째, 샷의 길이와 관련하여 화면 크기가 클수록 샷의 평균 길이가 길어졌고 샷의 밀도가 낮아졌다. 이러한 결과는 샷의 길이가 짧고 밀도가 증가하면 수용자의 각성이 증가하여 처리할 수 있는 인지적 자원이 증가하기 때문에, 인지적 자원을 상대적으로 많이 요구하는 큰 화면에서는 샷의 길이가 길고 밀도가 감소하는 반면 인지적 자원을 상대적으로 적게 요구하는 작은 화면에서는 샷의 길이가 짧고 밀도가 증가하는 경향으로 해석 가능하다. 마지막으로, 샷의 움직임(팬, 트래킹, 틸트, 붐, 줌)과 관련하여 화면 크기가 클수록 트래킹을 많이 사용하였으며 화면 크기가 작을수록 픽스샷을 많이 사용하였다. 이러한 결과는 매개 정보 처리의 제한용량모형의 예측과는 다르지만 기존 선행연구 결과와 일관성이 있다. 결론에서는 본 연구 결과의 이론적 및 실무적 함의에 대해 논의하였다.

Abstract

Media with different screen sizes (e.g., movies, television, and mobile media) often use different visual production techniques, such as shot angle (close-up, bust shot, waist shot, knee shot, full shot), shot length (average length and density), and shot movement (pan, tracking, tilt, boom, zoom, dolly, and fix). To explain why different visual production techniques are used across media with different screen sizes, we apply the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing as a theoretical framework. The model is based on the assumption that humans have a limited amount of cognitive resources, and they cannot process information beyond their limited cognitive capacity. Different media (e.g., movies, television, and mobile media) require different cognitive resources such that media with bigger screen size require more cognitive resources. Also, different production techniques (e.g., shot angle, shot length, and shot movement) require different cognitive resources. Thus, we predicted that media with different screen sizes use different visual production techniques that matches the cognitive resources required in order to avoid cognitive overload. To test the hypotheses, we used content analytic procedure. In the content analysis, 27 total titles were sampled based on the following criteria: (a) recent three years (from 2018-2020), (b) 3 media with different screen sizes (movie, television, and mobile media), and (c) 3 levels of popularity (high, moderate, and low). From each title, 3 video clips (from the introduction, middle, and ending parts) were sampled; thus there were a total of 81 video clips. The results were generally consistent with hypotheses. First, related to shot angle, results showed that bigger screen size resulted in greater use of full shots, whereas smaller screen size resulted in greater use of close-up or bust shots. This is because bigger screen size requires more cognitive resources and thus use less full shots to reduce cognitive overload, whereas smaller screen size requires less cognitive resources and thus use more close-up or bust shots. Second, related to shot length, results showed that bigger screen size resulted in longer shot length and lower shot density. This is because shorter shots and higher shot density requires more cognitive resources, and thus bigger screens use longer shots and lower shot density whereas smaller screens use shorter shots and higher shot density. Third, related to shot movement, results showed that bigger screen size resulted in greater use of tracking, whereas smaller screen size resulted in greater use of fix shots. These results are not consistent with the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing, but are consistent with previous research results. The theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

Keywords:

Screen Size, Visual Production Technique, Shot Size, Shot Length, Shot Movement

키워드:

화면 크기, 영상제작기법, 샷의 구도, 샷의 길이, 샷의 움직임

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