텔레비전 드라마의 젠더 정치, 일상의 소재에서 판타지의 영역으로
초록
본 연구에서는 2000년대 중반 이후 급부상한 텔레비전 판타지 드라마에서 기존의 젠더 전형이 어떻게 활용되고 있는지를 드라마 속 상상적 인물의 존재론적 특징과 인물 간의 관계 및 역할을 분석함으로써 밝혀내었다. 분석 대상은 2010년부터 2022년 5월까지 텔레비전의 판타지 드라마 중 시청률이 높았던 드라마에서 선별하였다. 특히 ‘인물’ 판타지소를 활용한 드라마에 초점을 두었으며, 분석 대상으로 제1주인공 성별*인간형 여부*지상파 여부를 고려하여 총 8편의 드라마를 선정하였다. 연구 방법으로 텍스트 분석을 사용하였는데, 특히 텍스트의 여러 구성 요소 중에서 주인공, 인물 간의 관계 및 역할에 분석 초점을 맞추었다. 그 이유는 드라마가 추구하는 궁극적 가치는 주인공을 통해 구현되며 가치의 충돌은 그와 대립된 인물과의 관계를 중심으로 전개되기 때문이다. 분석 결과, 일상성 기반의 텔레비전 드라마에서 구현되고 비판받아온 젠더 전형이 판타지라는 이름으로 텔레비전 드라마의 상상적 캐릭터 속에 복제·재생산되고 있다고 결론 내렸다. 신에 가까운 초월자의 경우, 고유영역 이탈 이유/최종 목적/새로운 환경 적응력/초능력 활용/정체가 탄로 났을 때의 상황 등이 성별로 서로 달랐다. 인간과 초월자의 중간자 경우, 존재론적 유사점에도 불구하고 고난의 시작/삶의 목적/구원을 얻는 방식 등에서 성별로 차이가 있었다. 인간 초능력자의 경우 여성은 공통적으로 귀엽고 유쾌하며 발랄한, 처세에 서툰 어린 여성 이미지를 가졌고, 남성 초능력자는 연령에 따라 여성과의 관계가 서로 다르게 설정되어있었다. 이들 모두 초능력자라는 공통점에도 불구하고 남성과 여성은 존재론적으로 인물 자체의 특징, 모험의 출발과 목적, 상황 통제력 등에서 서로 달랐기 때문에 로맨스 상대자와의 관계에서 수행하는 역할도 성별로 차이가 있었다. 판타지적 인물에 대한 이러한 묘사는 대중문화에서 이성애적 로맨스를 표현할 때 활용되어 온 정형화된 젠더 이분법적 구분으로 설명될 수 있다. 과거에는 늑대인간, 구미호, 귀신·유령과 같은 비인간 존재를 타자화하며 억압해왔지만, 지금은 초월적 존재 혹은 인간과 비인간 생명체가 혼합·재배열되어 새로이 등장한 판타지적 인물을 통해 드라마 속 캐릭터를 확장시키며 이미 익숙해진 텔레비전 드라마의 서사에 약간의 변화를 가져온 것이다. 그렇게 확장된 상상적 캐릭터는 인간에 관한 이야기 속에서 작동해온 편견과 불평등이 비실제, 실현 불가능성, 비일상이라는 면죄부를 가지고 드라마 속에 자연스럽게 숨어들 수 있는 공간을 만들어주었다. 텔레비전의 판타지 드라마에서 발견되는 이러한 특징은 지상파, 케이블·종편 간에 차이가 없었다. 흥미로운 것은 인간형 초능력자보다 신에 가까운 초월적인 존재에게서 기존의 젠더 전형이 더 부각되어 나타났다는 점이다. 이러한 특징들을 종합하여, 텔레비전 드라마의 젠더 정치는 인물의 일상성과 실제성에서, 즉 일상의 소재에서 판타지 영역으로 숨어들었다고 결론 내렸다.
Abstract
This study analyzed how the existing gender stereotypes are being used in television fantasy dramas. For the study, the ontological characteristics of imaginary characters in television fantasy dramas and the relationships and roles between characters were analyzed. The analysis subjects were selected from TV fantasy dramas with high ratings from 2010 to 2022. In particular, the focus was on dramas using the ‘person’ fantasy story. Text analysis was used as a research method, and the analysis focused on the relationship and roles between the main character and the characters among the various components of the text. The reason is that the ultimate value pursued by the drama is realized through the hero or heroine. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that gender stereotypes, which have been implemented and criticized in TV dramas based on daily life, are being reproduced in the imaginary characters of TV dramas under the name of fantasy. The reasons for leaving the domain, the ultimate goal, the capacity to adjust to a new environment, the use of superpowers, and the circumstances in which identity is disclosed varied by gender in the case of the transcendent who is close to God. In the case of the middleman between humans and the transcendent, despite the ontological similarities, there were gender differences in the beginning of suffering, the purpose of life, and the way of obtaining salvation. In the case of human psychics, women had in common the image of a young woman who was cute, pleasant, lively, and clumsy, and male psychics had different relationships with women according to their age. Despite the fact that they are all psychic, men and women were ontologically distinct from one another in terms of the traits of the characters themselves, the beginning and goal of the adventure, and the ability to control the situation. As a result, the roles that each gender played in the romance partner relationship were also different. This fantasy character's portrayal can be understood as an example of the stereotypical gender binary that has been employed in popular culture to express heterosexual relationships. Previously repressed and marginalized, non-human creatures like werewolves, nine-tailed foxes, ghosts, and ghosts are increasingly growing the cast of characters in fantasy dramas. With the indulgence of the unreal, impractical, and non-routine, the expanded imaginary character created a space where prejudice and inequality that have been operating in human stories can naturally hide in the drama. It's interesting to note that, compared to humanoid superhumans, transcendent entities closer to God showed more pronounced gender preconceptions. It was determined that gender politics in television dramas served as a veil, drawing viewers' attention away from the characters' real lives and into the fantasy realm.
Keywords:
television fantasy drama, gender stereotype, text analysis, character analysis, feminism키워드:
텔레비전 판타지 드라마, 젠더 전형, 텍스트 분석, 인물 분석, 여성주의Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(이 논문은 2019년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임:NRF-2019S1A5B5A07111878).
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