언론 보도에 나타난 가짜뉴스 담론의 속성과 사회적 실천 방향
초록
이 연구는 언론 보도에서 다루는 가짜뉴스 사례를 통해 우리 사회의 가짜뉴스 속성을 파악하고, 가짜뉴스에 관한 담론이 각 행위자들에 의해 어떻게 형성되는지를 알아보고자 했다. 또한 가짜뉴스에 관한 담론에 따라 사회적 실천 논의가 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 살펴보았다. 이 연구의 언론 보도에서 나타난 가짜뉴스 이슈는 주로 정치영역의 소재였고, 각 언론사들은 공통적으로 가짜뉴스를 심각하게 인식했다. 가짜뉴스 낙인은 공적 사안에 관한 의혹 제기를 가짜뉴스로 규정하며 논의를 회피하도록 했다. 그리고 맥락적 담론보다 부분적 사실 오류에 매몰되도록 했고, 갈등 상황에서 상대측 해석을 사실 논쟁으로 접근하며 가짜뉴스로 낙인찍었다. 또한 추정과 논리적 비약이 클 수밖에 없는 온라인 이용자의 담론 특성을 간과하고 있었다. 그 결과 정치 담론의 구조는 담론의 취지와 맥락적 타당성을 제대로 논하지 못한 채 사실 여부에 대한 시비로 흘렀다. 언론사의 보도 담론은 정치 권력, 언론사, 사회적 맥락이 상호 관계를 통해 영향을 미치고 있었다. 정치 권력과 언론이 협력적으로 담론을 형성하면 가짜뉴스 담론은 규제에 초점이 모아졌지만, 언론이 사회 맥락적 차원에서 외부 전문가와 정치 이데올로기가 접합할 때 규제보다는 표현의 자유가 더 중시되었다.
Abstract
The study sought to identify the fake news properties of our society through fake news discourse covered by media, and to find out how discourse on fake news is formed by each actor through a critical discourse analysis method. It also looked at how the discussion of social practice could be changed depending on the discourse about fake news. The case of fake news presented in the media coverage of this study mainly involved subjects of the political sphere. In Korean society, the concept of fake news mainly referred to political falsehoods circulating socially, unlike the misinformation of the mainstream media as insisted upon by U.S. President Trump. All news outlets, in common, have taken the fake news issue seriously. Media reports were concerned about the possible damage and loss of image that fake news could place upon the victim, causing social confusion and distortion of public opinion. Political power evaluated its position on fake news or related issues according to the political camp's advantages and disadvantages, rather than addressing ideal norms such as truth-seeking or freedom of expression on the fake news issue. In particular, the ruling party and government agencies, which have political power, constantly criticized fake news and urged related agencies to take strong action. The opposition party also chose to take legal action when there was unfavorable fake news. However, the cases of fake news stigma and attacks introduced in the media reports were controversial in many respects. The stigma of fake news regarded suspicions on public affairs as fake news and was used as a means of avoiding responsibility by the parties. Further, it allowed them to be buried in partial factual errors rather than contextual discourse, and replaced the other side's interpretation with factual arguments rather than taking a communicative approach in the conflict situation, stigmatizing the issue as fake news. It also overlooked the discourse characteristics of online users, whose presumptions and logical leaps were large. As a result, the structure of political discourse flowed into a dispute over whether it was true or not without properly discussing the purpose and contextual validity of the discourse. Meanwhile, the media discourse was influenced by political power, the news media, and social contexts through mutual relations. When political power and the media collaboratively formed discourse, the fake news discourse was related to the interests of the political camp. While these media emphasized solutions such as legal regulation and media literacy, they revealed a double standard of advocating for freedom of expression when fake news discourse was politically disadvantageous. On the other hand, when the media integrated external experts and political ideologies at the social context level, the news media had various discussions on fake news discourse, and freedom of expression was more important than legal regulation.
Keywords:
fake news, fake news discourse, freedom of expression, critical discourse analysis키워드:
가짜뉴스, 가짜뉴스 담론, 표현의 자유, 비판적 담론 분석Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Grant from the KSJCS Research Program <Future Media Research Initiative 2019>.
References
- Allan, S. (2006). Online news Journalism and the Internet. UK: Open University Press.
- Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago.
- Bakalis, C. (2018). Rethinking cyberhate laws. Information & Communications technology law, 27(1), 86-110. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2017.1393934]
- Bang, S. H., & Lee, G. (2013). Exploring the unconstructed reality: A comparative analysis of frames on ‘The Four Rivers Restoration Project’ between daily newspapers and press releases. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 57(1), 163-186.
- Baym, G. (2005). The Daily Show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism. Political Communication, 22, 259-276. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600591006492]
- Bendall, M. J., & Robertson, C. (2018). The crisis of democratic culture? International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 14(3), 383-391. [https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.14.3.383_7]
- Berkowitz, D., & Schwartz, D. A. (2016). Miley, CNN and The Onion: When fake news becomes realer than real. Journalism Practice, 10(1), 1-17. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1006933]
- Brewer, P. R., & Marquardt, E. (2007). Mock news and democracy: Analyzing The Daily Show. Atlantic. Journal of Communication, 15(4), 249-267. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870701465315]
- Brubaker, J. (2008). Best supporting actor: The third-person effects of celebrity political endorsements. Ohio Communication Journal, 46, 1-13.
- Buturoiu, R., Durach, F., Udrea, G., & Corbu, N. (2017). Third-person perception and its predictors in the age of Facebook. Journal of Media Research, 10(2), 18-36. [https://doi.org/10.24193/jmr.28.2]
- Carabine, J. (2001). Unmarried motherhood 1830-1990: A genealogical analysis. In Wetherell, M. & Taylor, S. & Yates, S. (eds) Discourse as data: A guide for analysis (pp. 267-310). London: Open University Press.
- Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quartely, 47, 1-15. [https://doi.org/10.1086/268763]
- Deligiaouri, A. (2018). Discursive construction of truth, ideology and the emergence of post-truth, narratives in contemporary political communication. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 14(3), 301-315. [https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.14.3.301_1]
- Elliott, D. (2007). Getting Mill right. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 22(2&3), 100-112. [https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520701315806]
- Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. UK: Cambridge.
- Garrett, R. K., & Stroud, N. J. (2014). Partisan paths to exposure diversity: differences in pro- and counterattitudinal news consumption. Journal of Communication, 64, 680-701. [https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12105]
- Golan, G. J., & Lim, J. S. (2016). Third person effect of ISIS’s recruitment propaganda: Online political self-efficacy and social media activism. International Journal of Communication, 10, 4681-4701.
- Hardy, C., & Phillips, N. (1999). No joking matter: Discursive struggle in the Canadian refugee system. Organization Studies, 20(1), 1-24. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840699201001]
- Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2002). Parents’ responses to television violence: the third-person perception, parental mediation, and support for censorship. Media Psychology, 4, 231-252. [https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0403_02]
- Hwang, Y., & Kwon, O. (2017). A study on the conceptualization and regulation measures on fake news: Focused on self-regulation of internet service providers. Journal of Media Law, Ethics and Policy Research, 16(1), 53-101.
- Jeong, I. (2010). A trend analysis of the metro sections of news media in Korea during 1998 and 2009. Korean Journal of Communication & Information, 50, 143-163.
- Kang, M.-K. (1994). A study on the reality composition of economic crisis in economic news. Media & Society, 3, 92-131.
- Kenyon, A. T., Svensson, E., & Edström, M. (2017). Building and sustaining freedom of expression: Considering Sweden. Nordicom Review, 38(1), 31-45. [https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2016-0043]
- Kim, K.-H. (2012). Changes in news consumption and the evolution of news through news portals and websites of news outlets. Journal of communication research, 49(2), 5-36. [https://doi.org/10.22174/jcr.2012.49.2.5]
- Kim, S.-H., & Kim, B.-S. (2006). An investigation on the process of the journalistic construction of social polarization through the analysis of broadcasting news. Journal of Communication Science, 6(3), 99-140.
- Ladyman, J. (2001). Understanding Philosophy of Science. London: Routledge.
- Lee, C. (2012). A study on characteristics, sensationalism and reality representation of CCTV video on TV news. Broadcasting & Communication, 13(4), 5-43.
- Lee, W. (2018). What is fake news? -A multidimensional discussion of fake news concepts and scopes-. Journal of Media and Defamation Law, 4(2), 173-214.
- Lo, V., & Wei, R. (2002). Third-person effect, gender and pornography on the internet. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(1), 13-33. [https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4601_2]
- Marechal, N. (2015). Ranking digital rights: human rights, the internet and the fifth estate. International Journal of Communication, 9, 3440-3449.
- Mill, J. S. (1982). On Liberty (Shields, C. V. ed.). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing. (Original work published 1859).
- Oh, S. W., Jeong, S.-H., & Park, A. R. (2017). Fake news status and issues. Seoul: Korea Press Foundation.
- Park, D. (2015). A study of double validity claims in quotations: News source network analysis of news on the four major rivers project in the Dong-A Ilbo and the Hankyoreh. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 59(5), 121-151.
- Park, H.-W. (2004). The concept of media accountability and social responsibility theory reconsidered. Media & Society, 12(3), 8-54.
- Perloff, R. M. (1999). The third-person effect: A critical review and synthesis. Media Psychology, 1, 353-378. [https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0104_4]
- Phillips, N., & Hardy, C. (2002). Discourse analysis: Investigating processes of social construction. Thousands Oaks: Sage. [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983921]
- Rhee, J. W., Yang, S.-M., Kim, K. C. & Song, H. J. (2007). Direct quotations in newspaper headlines in the coverage of the local election on May 31, 2006. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 51(3), 64-90.
- Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the Message: Theories of influences on mass media content (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
- Shudson, M. (2011). The sociology of news (2nd ed.). New York: W.W.Norton & Company.
- Song, Y.-H. (2005). A study on the rhetorical devices to enhance the factuality in the news of the society pages in Korean national newspapers. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 49(3), 80-104.
- Ştefanita, O., Corbu, N., & Buturoiu, R. (2018). Fake news and the third-person effect: They are more influenced than me and you. Journal of Media Research, 11(3), 5-23. [https://doi.org/10.24193/jmr.32.1]
- Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556-576. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x]
- Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Going to extremes: How like minds unite and divide. UK: Oxford.
- Supreme Court (2011, 9, 2). Sentence 2009da52649 the supreme court decision. Retrieved from https://glaw.scourt.go.kr/wsjo/panre/sjo100.do?contId=2060160&q=%EA%B4%91%EC%9A%B0%EB%B3%91&nq=&w=panre§ion=panre_tot&subw=&subsection=&subId=1&csq=&groups=6,7,5,9&category=&outmax=1&msort=&onlycount=&sp=&d1=&d2=&d3=&d4=&d5=&pg=1&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4=&p5=&p6=&p7=&p8=&p9=&p10=&p11=&p12=&sysCd=WSJO&tabGbnCd=&saNo=&joNo=&lawNm=&hanjaYn=N&userSrchHistNo=&poption=&srch=&range=&daewbyn=N&smpryn=N&idgJyul=01&newsimyn=Y&tabId=&save=Y&bubNm=
- Tuchman, G. (1978). Making News: A study in the construction of Reality. New York : Free Press.
- Wihbey, J. P. (2019). The social fact: News and knowledge in a networked world. MA: The MIT press.
- Yoo, E. (2018). Legal regulation of fake news: Focusing on the protection of societal legal interest. Journal of Media Law, Ethics and Policy Research, 17(2), 39-68. [https://doi.org/10.26542/JML.2018.8.17.2.39]
- Youn, S., Faber, R. J., & Shah, D. V. (2000). Restricting gambling advertising and the third-person effect. Psychology & Marketing, 17(7), 633-649. [https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200007)17:7<633::AID-MAR4>3.0.CO;2-B]
- Yun, S. O. (2018). A discussion on the concept and scope of fake news. Journal of Media Law, Ethics and Policy Research, 17(1), 51-84. [https://doi.org/10.26542/JML.2018.4.17.1.51]