제품의 부정적 정보에 대한 공중의 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동 연구 : 기업 명성과 접촉 매체 유형(포털 사이트, 페이스북)을 중심으로
초록
위기 관리 커뮤니케이션 영역에서 새로운 매체의 발달과 공중의 적극성이 주목받고 있다. 과거에는 제한된 몇몇 매체를 통해 일방적으로 정보가 수용되는 형태였지만, 새로운 매체의 발달과 함께 위기 커뮤니케이션 상황 시 공중은 수동적인 차원에서 반응하던 수용자를 넘어 행위자로 역할하고 있기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 위기가 형성되는 전개 과정에 주목, 제품의 부정적 메시지를 접하는 상황에서 기업의 명성(고/저)과 매체 유형(포털 사이트/페이스북)이 공중의 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동(방어/공격/회피)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 탐구하였다. 그리고 부정적 정보가 노출되는 기업의 명성과 매체 유형이 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동에 미칠 것이라 예상되는 주효과 검증과는 별도로, 두 독립변인(기업 명성/매체 유형)이 종속변인(커뮤니케이션 반응 행동)에 미치는 상호작용 효과를 검증하였다. 이를 위해 명성(고/저)과 매체 유형(포털 사이트/페이스북)의 독립변인에 따라 총 4개의 실험 처치물을 제작해 집단 간 요인 실험을 진행하였다. 설문조사는 온라인으로 실시되었고, 조사대상의 성별, 연령, 거주 지역을 고려한 층화비례할당표집 방법을 이용해 총 242명의 데이터를 최종 결과 분석에 사용하였다. 수집한 데이터들은 SPSS 22.0 프로그램을 사용, 다변량공분산분석(Multivariate Covariance Analysis: MANCOVA)을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 기업의 명성이 높고 낮음에 따라 공중의 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동 중 ‘방어’와 ‘공격’에서 유의미한 차이가 있음을 발견했다. 명성이 높은 기업 제품의 부정적 정보를 접했을 때, 공중은 해당 기업을 옹호하는 형태의 ‘방어’적인 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동을 하는 경향이 크게 나타났고, 명성이 낮은 기업의 경우에는 해당 기업에 대해 비판하는 등의 행위에 참여하는 ‘공격’이 높게 나타났다. 제품의 부정적 정보를 접했을 때, 공중이 이를 단순히 수용하는 것이 아니라 기업 명성의 정도에 따라 다르게 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동하는 경향을 확인할 수 있는 결과였다. 둘째, 매체 유형에 따라 공중의 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동이 ‘방어’와 ‘공격’에서 다르게 나타나는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 포털 사이트와 페이스북에서 기업 제품에 대한 부정적 정보를 접했을 때 나타나는 공중의 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동을 비교한 결과, 페이스북에서 해당 기업에 대한 ‘방어’와 ‘공격’ 경향이 모두 높게 나타났다. 즉, 공중은 포털 사이트에서보다 페이스북에서 해당 기업을 옹호하거나 비판하는 등 더욱 자발적이고 적극적인 커뮤니케이션 행동을 하려는 경향을 강하게 보이고 있었다. 끝으로 커뮤니케이션 반응 행동 중 ‘회피’에 있어 기업 명성과 매체 유형 간 유의미한 상호작용 효과도 검증되었다. 구체적으로 명성이 높은 기업과 관련된 부정적 정보를 페이스북을 통해서 접했을 때 공중은 회피 경향을 강하게 보였고, 반면 명성이 낮은 기업의 부정적 정보는 포털 사이트에서 접한 경우에 공중이 회피 경향을 높게 보이는 모습을 발견할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 기업의 위기 관리 커뮤니케이션에 있어 효과적인 대응 전략 수립에 활용할 수 있는 실증적인 근거를 제시했다는 점에서 실무적 의의를 갖는다.
Abstract
In the area of crisis management communication, the development of new media and the public’s activeness are receiving considerable attention. In the past, information was delivered in one direction through a limited number of media channels. However, with the new developments in media, the public is playing a role as an actor in the crisis communication situation rather than simply receiving information. Focusing on the developmental process of crisis formation, this research examines how a corporation’s reputation(high/low) and the contact media type(web portal/Facebook) may affect the public’s reactive communication behavior(defensive/offensive/avoidance) to negative product information of the corporation. Apart from the expected main effect of communication behaviors on the corporation’s reputation and contact media type for negative product information, a verification of interaction effects of the two independent variables(corporate reputation/contact media type) on the dependent variable(reactive communication behavior) was also conducted. For this verification, four different analyses based on the independent variables(reputation and contact media type) were implemented through an inter-group factor analysis. The survey was conducted online and utilized data from 242 samples via the stratified proportional allocation sampling method considering for the target’s gender, age, and location. With the collected data, Multivariate Analysis of Covariance(MANCOVA) was completed using SPSS 22.0. According to the results, first, the corporation’s reputation(high/low) had meaningful differences from ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ reaction behaviors. When receiving negative product information of a corporation with high reputation, the public tended to show ‘defensive’ communication behavior in support of the corporation. On the other hand, when it was about a corporation with low reputation, the public tended to show ‘offensive’ communication behavior in criticisms of the corporation. These results confirmed that the public tends to show different reactive communication behaviors to negative product information based on the corporation’s reputation rather than simply accepting it. Second, different reactive communication behaviors(defensive/offensive) occurred based on the contact media type. The comparison of the public’s reactive communication behaviors when negative product information was delivered on a web portal and when on Facebook showed that both ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ behaviors were higher on Facebook. That is, the public tended to have more voluntary and active reactive communication behaviors, either in support or criticisms, through Facebook rather than the web portal. Last, a meaningful interaction effect was found for one of the reactive communication behaviors, ‘avoidance,’ between the corporation’s reputation and contact media type. Specifically, the public tended to show ‘avoidance’ behavior when facing negative product information of a corporation with high reputation through Facebook. However, for a corporation with low reputation, the public seemed to show high avoidance when facing negative product information from the web portal. This study has practical significance because it is suggesting positive evidence that could be applied when establishing an effective strategy for corporate crisis management communication.
Keywords:
Web Portal, Facebook, Crisis Communication, Reputation, Communication Behavior키워드:
포털 사이트, 페이스북, 위기 커뮤니케이션, 명성, 커뮤니케이션 행동Acknowledgments
This paper was based on research with the support of a survey from a research company and the Korea Media Management Association. The contents were based on the 2019 Fall academic conference organized by the Korea Media Management Association with certain supplements(본 논문은 한국미디어경영학회와 후원 조사업체의 설문조사 지원에 의한 연구로, 한국미디어경영학회 가을철 정기학술대회(2019, 11, 22)에서 발표한 내용을 보완한 것임).
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