한국의 일상적 인종주의에 대한 고찰 : 다문화가정 자녀에 대한 뉴스 담론을 중심으로
초록
본 연구는 다문화가정 자녀에 대한 뉴스 담론을 분석함으로써 한국 사회에서 일상적이고 반복적으로 실천되고 상식과 규범으로 형성되어가고 있는 일상적인 인종주의(banal racism)를 드러내고자 한다. 이를 통하여 한국 뉴스가 결혼이주여성과 자녀들을 대상으로 형성하고 있는 차별, 구별 그리고 배려의 담론을 인종주의 관점에서 고찰할 필요성을 강조한다. 다문화가정 자녀에 대한 뉴스 보도를 살펴보기 위하여 2008년부터 2018년까지 <조선일보>, <중앙일보>, <경향신문>, 그리고 <한겨레신문>의 뉴스 기사를 수집하였다. 수집된 뉴스 기사를 바탕으로 다문화가정 자녀에 대한 신인종주의적인 담론이 구체화되는 양상, 재현 방식, 그리고 의미를 분석하였다. 한국 사회에서 목도되는 반다문화 및 반난민 운동과 정서 등과 호응하여 뉴스 보도가 만들어 내는 효과 및 의미화를 파악하기 위하여 비판적 담론분석의 방법론을 선택하였다. 연구 결과로 한국 뉴스 미디어가 다문화가정 자녀를 일상적 인종주의의 대상으로 담론화하는 양상을 크게 세 가지로 제시하였다. 첫째는 구분짓기의 방식을 통하여 그들을 차별과 배려의 대상으로 삼는 것으로 ‘다문화’라는 이름으로 결혼이주자 가정의 자녀들을 호명하여 구분하는 것이다. 둘째는 본질화의 방식을 통하여 이들을 글로벌 인재 자원으로 호명하는데, 그들의 가능성과 잠재력은 개인이 아닌 집단의 특성을 통해서만 가능하다. 셋째는 그들을 한국 사회의 잠재적인 문제이자 역차별의 원인으로 삼는 등 문제화하는 방식인데, 한국 사회의 안전, 평등, 및 자유의 이름으로 그들을 보호, 지원 및 통제의 대상으로 삼는다. 다문화가정 자녀에 대한 뉴스 보도는 구분, 분류, 그리고 차별짓기의 방식을 보호, 지원 그리고 관용의 언어로 구성하지만, ‘우리 한국인’과 ‘다문화’라는 틀 속에서 그들을 대상화하고 있다. 이러한 한국 사회의 모습과 이를 보도하는 양식은 문화, 습속, 언어, 그리고 민족적 특징을 중심으로 한 분리와 차별을 상식적인 것으로 구성한다는 점에서 신인종주의 특성이 있다. 일상적 인종주의 논의를 통하여 ‘다문화’라는 용어가 인종차별적일 수 있음을 보이고, 궁극적으로 한국 사회에 반다문화, 반난민, 그리고 반여성 등 다양한 양상으로 나타나는 신인종주의에 대한 비판의 지점을 마련하고자 한다.
Abstract
This study attempts to reveal ‘banal racism’ in South Korea that is being practiced routinely and repeatedly, so being constructed into common sense and norms, by analyzing news discourses about ‘multicultural children’, i.e., children from multicultural families. In so doing, it highlights the necessity of approaching the discourses of discrimination, distinction, as well as tolerance toward multi-cultural families from a perspective of racism. In order to examine news reports on multicultural children, it collects news articles from “Chosun Ilbo”, “JoongAng Ilbo”, “Kyunghyang Shinmun,” and “Hankyoreh” from 2008 to 2018. Based on the collected news articles, this study analyzed how new racist discourses about multicultural children are constructed. It employs the method of critical discourse analysis to understand the effects and meanings produced by the news reports as well as the societal responses to the anti-multicultural movements and emotions. As a result of this study, three major aspects of the Korean news media discourses on multicultural children were identified. The first is the categorization of these children by referring to them under the name of “multiculture,” which consequently makes them the object of division and discrimination through the method of classification. Second, these children are called ‘global talent resources’ through a method of essentialization, in which their possibilities and potentials are only made possible through the characteristics of groups, not individuals. The third is to regard them as origins of problems, such as reverse discrimination, in order to maintain the safety, equality and freedom of Korean society. News reports about these children consist of a language of protection, support and tolerance, but at the same time, continue to produce classification and discrimination within the framework of “we Koreans” and “they multiculture.” These news discourses exemplifies neo-racism under the name of banality that further constitutes a common sense of separation and discrimination based on the differences of culture, customs, language, and national characteristics. This study suggests that banal racism as an analytic term can be utilized for revealing linguistic and institutional distinction, prejudice, as well as violence that repeatedly and habitually otherizes and marginalizes new others and minorities. Through the frame of banal racism, this study demonstrates not only that the term ‘multi-culture’ can be racist, but also that it is imperative to provide a point of criticism on new racism in various movements, such as anti-multiculturalism, anti-refugee and anti-female in Korean society. The examination of banal racism urges Korean society not only to reflect on the categories of ‘racial-ness’ critically but also to recognize the possibility of overcoming the dichotomy of “we Koreans” and “they multiculture.”
Keywords:
Neo-racism, Multiculturalism, Multi-cultural children, banal racism, Anti-Multiculture키워드:
신인종주의, 다문화가정, 다문화가정 자녀, 일상적 인종주의, 반다문화Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund. (본 연구는 2020학년도 한국외국어대학교의 지원에 의하여 이루어진 것임)
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