Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication (KSJCS)
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 65, No. 2, pp.241-285
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 30 Apr 2021
Received 11 Dec 2020 Accepted 12 Mar 2021 Revised 31 Mar 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2021.65.2.007

매체, 언론사, 주제별 뉴스 이용과 언론에 대한 평가 : 이용자 정치성향의 조절효과를 중심으로

이소은** ; 오현경***
**부경대학교 신문방송학과 조교수 petitsilver@gmail.com
***서울대학교 언론정보연구소 객원연구원 pasacaglia@gmail.com
Evaluations of News Media and News Use by Media Outlets, Companies, and Topics : Focusing on the Moderating Effects of Users' Political Orientation
So-Eun Lee** ; Hyun Kyung Oh***
**Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Pukyong National University, 1st author petitsilver@gmail.com
***Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Communication Research, Seoul National University, corresponding author pasacaglia@gmail.com

초록

본 연구는 뉴스 이용 유형이 언론에 대한 평가와 어떤 관련이 있는지를 탐색했다. 구체적으로, 이용자가 어떤 매체 및 언론사를 통해 무슨 주제의 뉴스를 이용하는지가 언론에 대한 평가와 어떻게 관계되는지 살핀 후, 이러한 관계가 이용자의 정치성향에 의해 달라지는지를 분석했다. 한국언론진흥재단이 제공하는 <2019 언론수용자 조사>의 자료에 대한 이차 분석 결과, 먼저 매체 부문에서 TV 이용 여부는 언론에 대한 평가와 정적인 관계에 있는 반면, 인터넷포털과 온라인동영상플랫폼 이용은 언론 평가와 부적인 관계인 것으로 나타났다. 특히 다수의 디지털 매체를 이용하는 집단의 언론에 대한 평가가 그렇지 않은 집단에 비해 더 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째로 언론사 부문의 경우, 정파적 지향이 상이한 여러 언론사들의 뉴스를 이용하는 집단보다 중도적 성향의 언론사 뉴스를 다수 이용하는 집단에서 언론에 대한 평가가 더 높았다. 세 번째로 주제 부문에서는 정치 뉴스 이용이 언론에 대한 평가와 부적 관계에 있는 반면, 경제, 생활, 연예/오락, 스포츠 뉴스 이용은 언론 평가와 정적 관계에 있었다. 의견 대립 요인이 적고 일상 정보 전달의 성격이 강한 연성뉴스를 이용하는 경우에 언론에 대한 평가가 더 높게 나타나는 것으로 해석된다. 이들 관계 중 일부는 이용자의 정치성향에 따라 그 정도가 다르게 나타났다. 이용 매체의 영향력은 보수 집단에서 더 크게 나타나는 데 비해 이용 주제의 영향력은 보수 집단에서 상대적으로 희석되는 경향이 확인된다. 이와 같은 분석결과를 토대로 언론에 대한 평가 제고를 위한 뉴스 이용 측면의 과제를 아울러 논의하였다.

Abstract

This study explores how audiences’ news consumption patterns affect their evaluation of news media. Specifically, it aims to address the following three major research questions: (1) Do news media outlets (whether people access traditional media outlets, including television, radio, newspaper, and magazine, or whether they access digital media outlets, including Web portals, instant messenger service, SNS, online video platforms, and podcast for news consumption), news media companies (whether people use media outlets that have conservative, moderate, or liberal views on politics), and news topics (whether people consume hard news or soft news) that people use for consuming news influence their evaluations of news media? (2) When classifying the audience into several groups based on news consumption matrix (by media outlets, media companies, and news topics), are there any difference in how they appraise news media across these groups? Finally, (3) are the relationships between evaluations of news media and news media outlets/media companies/news topics they use for news influenced by users’ political orientation? To answer these questions, this study employed secondary data analysis of the 2019 Audience Survey, which was provided by Korea Press Foundation. The statistical analysis used a five-item scale of evaluations of news media, which measures trust, fairness, diversity, expertise, and freedom of the press. We also constructed audience news consumption matrix by media outlets, companies, and news topics that people used for consuming news. To construct news consumption matrix by companies, this study chose 15 companies listed in short-answer questions by more than 20 respondents among 341 companies in total and categorized them into three groups, those with conservative, moderate, and liberal views on politics. The results show that, regarding news media outlets, consuming news on television had a positive effect on evaluation of news media, while consuming news on online portals and online video platforms had a negative effect. Those who used a variety of digital media outlets for news, specifically, appraised news media lower than those who did not. In addition, regarding news media companies, those who consumed news produced by various companies with different political views (conservative, moderate, and liberal), appraised news media lower than those who used news produced by companies with relatively moderate views on politics. Third, regarding news topics, using political news had a negative effect on evaluations of news media whereas using news about economy, lifestyle, entertainment, and sports had positive effects. It implies that those who used soft news, considered more informative and containing less conflicting ideas of social issues than hard news, were more likely to appraise news media positively than those who did not. Lastly, some of these relationships were influenced by users’ political orientation; the impact of media outlets was significantly amplified among those with conservative views on politics while that of news topics was weakened among them. Based on these findings, this paper provides suggestions for improving media trust and enhancing audience evaluations of news media.

Keywords:

audience evaluations of news media, news trust, news consumption, moderating effect

키워드:

언론 평가, 신뢰도, 뉴스 이용, 조절효과

Acknowledgments

This study was sponsored by Korea Press Foundation for the 5th Annual Award for Journalism Statistical Research, and it is based on the paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies (KSJCS), held in October, 2020. This study was financially supported in part by the Institute of Communication Research, Seoul National University.(이 논문은 한국언론진흥재단의 제5회 언론 통계 활용 학술대회에 선정되어 2020년 가을철 한국언론학회 학술대회에서 발표한 논문을 수정 및 보완한 것이며, 2021년 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 연구기금의 지원을 받았습니다.)

References

  • Ahn, J. (2012). A comparison between online and traditional newspapers: with special reference to Kyunghyang Dot Com and Kyunghyang Shinmun. Korean Journal of Communications Studies, 20(2), 29-46.
  • Ariyanto, A., Hornsey, M. J., & Gallois, C. (2007). Group allegiances and perceptions of media bias: Taking into account both the perceiver and the source. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(2), 266-279. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207074733]
  • Arpan, L. A., & Raney, A. A. (2003). An experimental investigation of news source and the hostile media effect. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 80, 265-281. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000203]
  • Baek, Y., Ahn, S., & Kim, W. (2019). Journalist-audience contact and public trust in news media: empirical examination of journalist-audience contact hypothesis. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 63(5), 119-151. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2019.63.5.004]
  • Ban, H. (2003). Experimental study of user credibility on Internet news media. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 17(2), 207-231.
  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Bennett, W. L. (2016). News: The politics of illusion. University of Chicago Press. [https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226345055.001.0001]
  • Cappella, J. N., Lee, G., & Southwell, B. (1997, May). The effects of news and entertainment on interpersonal trust: Political talk radio, newspapers, and television. Paper presented at the International Communication Association, Montreal, Canada.
  • Choi, M., & Kim, J. (2008). Fairness of portal news service in the 2007 presidential election. Journal of Communication Science, 8(4), 667-701.
  • Eom, H., & Kang, J. (2019). A study on the effects of message frame on the reliability of newspaper articles: considering the political alignment between the press and the audience. The Journal of Social Science, 26(1), 187-205. [https://doi.org/10.46415/jss.2019.03.26.1.187]
  • Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2000). Perceptions of Internet information credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 515-540. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700304]
  • Gunther, A. C., Christen, C. T., Liebhart, J. L., and Chih-Yun Chia, S. (2001). Congenial public, contrary press, and biased estimates of the climate of opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(3), 295-320. [https://doi.org/10.1086/322846]
  • Ha, S., & Lee, J. (2011). Impacts of the amount and contents type of media use on media trust: across the traditional and new media. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 55(1), 413-434.
  • Ha, S., & Lee, M. (2012). A news frame analysis by the South Korean press on the livelihoods of a North Koreans. Korean Journal of Communication & Information, (58), 222-241.
  • Hong, J., & Son, Y. (2017). Korean media partisanship in the report on THAAD rumor: network and frame analysis. Korean Journal of Communication & Information, (84), 152-188. [https://doi.org/10.46407/kjci.2017.08.84.152]
  • Hyun, K., & Seo, M. (2019). Comparing conservative and progressive audiences in their partisan perception, trust and use of hostile and friendly news media. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 63(2), 46-76. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2019.63.2.002]
  • Hyun K., & Jung, N., & Seo, M. (2020). Examining the effects of perceived partisan slants of news and user comments from portal news sites on portal news trust, third person perception and selective exposure: comparisons of conservative and progressive users. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 64(4), 247-288. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2020.64.4.007]
  • Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (1998). Cruising is believing?: Comparing Internet and traditional sources on media credibility measures. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(2), 325-340. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500208]
  • Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2000). Using is believing: The influence of reliance on the credibility of online political information among politically interested Internet users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(4), 865-879. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700409]
  • Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2002). Webelievability: A path model examining how convenience and reliance predict online credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(3), 619-642. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900207900306]
  • Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2004). Wag the blog: How reliance on traditional media and the Internet influence credibility perceptions of weblogs among blog users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(3), 622-642. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100310]
  • Johnson, T. J., Kaye, B. K., Bichard, S. L., & Wong, W. J. (2008). Every blog has its day: Politically-interested internet users’ perceptions of blog credibility. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 100-122. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00388.x]
  • Kang, J., & Lee, I. (2014). Agenda and partisanship of political news reports widely read in portal sites: comparative study on political news reports widely read in online newspapers. Journal of Cybercommuniction Academic Society, 31(2), 5-44.
  • Kang, N. (2008). Citizens' media use and their social trust: focusing on their media use time and patterns. Journal of Communication Science, 8(3), 5-44.
  • Kang, N. (2010). Individuals' media Use and their confidence in mass media: focusing on links according to their media-use patterns. Journal of Communication Science, 10(3), 5-46.
  • Kim, C. (2012). Media use, political discussion, and trust in politics and media effects of motives for Internet use and Internet exposure as moderators. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 56(4), 389-413
  • Kim, C., & Kim, K. (2015). An analysis of frame in conservative presses and progressive presses with emphasis on the reported articles of cyber smears. The Journal of Social Science, 22(4), 279-310.
  • Kim, H. (2016). The effect of hostile media perception on behavioral intention: the roles of political identity salience, emotions, and issue involvement. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 60(3), 66-90. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2016.60.3.003]
  • Kim, K., & Lee, S. (2018). News audiences’ perceptual biases and assessment of news fairness: an analysis of the influences of trust for media, message bias, self-categorization, and self-enhancement. Communication Theories, 14(3), 145-198. [https://doi.org/10.20879/ct.2018.14.3.145]
  • Kim, K., & Noh, G. (2011). A comparative study of news reporting about North Korea on newspapers in South Korea. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 55(1), 361-387.
  • Kim, K., & Song, K. (2018). Who are Daum News readers?: user characteristics and their perceptions on news portals. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 62(6), 141-164. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2018.62.6.005]
  • Kim, K., Lee, S., & Kim, S. (2016). Partisan audiences’ hostile media perception and news media literacy: a theoretical amalgam of self-categorization and elaboration likelihood. Communication Theories, 12(3), 4-48.
  • Kim, S. (2006). Democracy and media trust: a theoretical search for a normative model of comtemporary Korean media. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 50(5), 55-78.
  • Kim, S. (2010). The similarity and difference of Korean conservative newspapers: an analysis of ideology in Chosun-Jungang-Donga Dailys’ editorial. Media, Gender & Culture, (15), 37-78.
  • Kim, S., & Kang, B. (2015). Characteristics and changes of hard news and soft news in newspaper style: a comparison of politics, economy, society, and culture news corpora in the early 2000s and the early 2010s. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40(1), 41-66. [https://doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2015.40.1.003]
  • Kim, Y., & Ha, S. (2014). Hostile media perception toward television news and the possibility of alternative use of Internet news. Locality & Communication, 18(2), 57-87.
  • Kiousis, S. (2001). Public trust or mistrust? Perceptions of media credibility in the information age. Mass Communication & Society, 4(4), 381-403. [https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0404_4]
  • Korea Press Foundation (2017). Korean Journalists Survey 2017.
  • Korea Press Foundation (2019). Media Users in Korea 2019.
  • Lee, J. (2006). Mobile media and mobile contents: construction and application of a theory of multiplatforming. Studies of Broadcasting Culture, 18(2), 285-317.
  • Lee, J. (2015). The effect of news audience’s biased media perception on their evaluation of the media’s fairness: a comparative analysis among congenial, neutral, and hostile media. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 59(1), 7-36.
  • Lim, J., & Kim, M. (2015). Review of grounded theory method and its implications for journalism studies: an analysis of feature stories about North Korean defectors in conservative and liberal newspapers. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 59(2), 427-452.
  • McChesney, R. D. (2004). The problem of the media: US communication politics in the twenty-first century. New York University Press.
  • Meyer, P. (1988). Defining and measuring credibility of newspapers: developing an index. Journalism Quarterly, 65(3), 567-574. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908806500301]
  • Min, Y. (2016). When we trust: the effects of journalistic professionalism and partisan bias on the public trust in the press and politics. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 60(6), 127-156. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2016.60.6.005]
  • Moy, P., & Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Media effects on political and social trust. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(4), 744-759. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700403]
  • Na, E., Lee, G., & Kim, H. (2009). Social implication of reading/writing online comments (replies) in representative democracy: Internet news comments (replies), political trust, media trust, and political knowledge. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 53(1), 109-132.
  • Newman, M., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Nielsen, R. (2019). Digital News Report 2019. Reuters Institute.
  • Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andı, S., & Nielsen, R. (2020). Digital News Report 2020. Reuters Institute.
  • Noh, J., & Yoon, Y. (2016). A comparative study on opinion diversity of newspaper, broadcasting and the Internet portal site: the news coverage of `The Unified Progressive Party (UPP) Disbandment Ruling'. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 60(6), 68-99. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2016.60.6.003]
  • Park, A., & Lee, S. (2020). Digital News Report in Korea 2020. Korea Press Foundation.
  • Park, C. (2001). Decomposing of news media credibility in the information age: the social goodness of news is a determinant to the publics perceived media credibility. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 15(3), 129-154.
  • Park, N. (2008). A study on the blog users’ newsmedia credibility: focusing on comparing blogs with traditional newsmedia and the factors affecting blog credibility. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 52(3), 422-439.
  • Shah, D. V. (1998). Civic engagement, interpersonal trust, and television use: an individual-level assessment of social capital. Political Psychology, 19(3), 469-494. [https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00114]
  • Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, D. (2001). "Connecting" and "disconnecting" with civic life: Patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18(2), 141-162. [https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322952]
  • Shah, D. V., McLeod, J., & Yoon, S.-H. (2001). Communication, context, and community: an exploration of print, broadcast, and Internet influences. Communication Research, 28(4), 464~506. [https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028004005]
  • Song, I. (2014). Biased media perception based on media partisanship and audience’s political disposition: in case of newspaper editorials. Communication Theories, 10(3), 222-257.
  • Song, J. (2007). Similarity and distinction of media credibility: a comparative analysis of audience and reporter. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 51(2), 180-202.
  • Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 556-576. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x]
  • Sung, D., & Park, S. (2005). A study on the media credibility and TV news of three terrestrial broadcasting systems: emphasized on media credibility’ estimation of college students’ preference group. Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research, (60), 213~242.
  • Tsfati, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2003). Do people watch what they do not trust? Exploring the association between news media skepticism and exposure. Communication Research, 30(5), 504-529. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253371]
  • Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577]
  • Van Duyn, E., & Collier, J. (2019). Priming and Fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluation of news media. Mass Communication and Society, 22(1), 29-48. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807]

Appendix

부록

  • 강내원 (2008). 시민의 매체 이용과 사회적 신뢰. <언론과학연구>, 8(3), 5-44.
  • 강내원 (2010). 시민의 매체 이용과 언론사에 대한 신뢰: 매체별 이용패턴에 따른 분석을 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 10(3), 5-46.
  • 강명구·양승목·엄기열 (2001). <한국 언론의 신뢰도: 위기 현황 분석과 극복 방안>. 한국언론재단.
  • 강주현·이인욱 (2014). 포털뉴스에서 많이 읽힌 정치뉴스의 의제와 정파성. <사이버커뮤니케이션학보>, 31(2), 5-44.
  • 김경모·이승수 (2018). 뉴스 수용자의 지각 편향과 뉴스 공정성 평가: 언론 신뢰, 메시지 편향성, 자기범주화, 자기고양의 영향력 분석. <커뮤니케이션 이론>, 14(3), 145-198.
  • 김경모·이승수·김상정 (2016). 정파적 수용자의 적대적 매체 지각과 뉴스 미디어 리터러시: 자기범주화와 정교화가능성의 이론적 접점. <커뮤니케이션 이론>, 12(3), 4-48.
  • 김경희·노기영 (2011). 한국 신문사의 이념과 북한 보도방식에 대한 연구. <한국언론학보>, 55(1), 361-387.
  • 김경희·송경재 (2018). 누가 2위 포털인 다음 뉴스를 이용하는가? <한국언론학보>, 62(6), 141-164.
  • 김사승 (2013). 신문뉴스의 상품가치에 관한 미디어 경제학적 관점의 분석. <한국언론학보>, 57(3), 5-33.
  • 김성후 (2020.08.19.). 신뢰하는 언론사 '모름·무응답' 24.8%⋯ JTBC는 급락. 기자협회보. URL: http://www.journalist.or.kr/news/article.html?no=48077
  • 김성후 (2020.08.26.). 기자 72% "국민이 언론 신뢰 안 해"⋯ 직업 만족도 3년 연속 하락. 기자협회보. URL: http://www.journalist.or.kr/news/article.html?no=48108, .
  • 김세은 (2006). 민주주의와 언론의 신뢰: ‘옳은’ 언론과 ‘좋은’ 언론에 대한 이론적 모색. <한국언론학보>, 50(5), 55-78.
  • 김세은 (2010). 한국 보수신문의 유사성과 차별성: 조선-중앙-동아일보 사설의 이념성을 중심으로. <미디어, 젠더 & 문화>, (15), 37-78.
  • 김소희·강범모 (2015). 경성 기사와 연성 기사의 문체적 특징과 변화. <언어>, 40(1), 41-66.
  • 김영지·하승태 (2014). TV뉴스에 대한 적대적 매체지각과 인터넷 뉴스의 대안적 이용 가능성. <지역과 커뮤니케이션>, 18(2), 57-87.
  • 김위근·안수찬·백영민 (2018). <한국의 언론 신뢰도: 진단과 처방>. 한국언론진흥재단.
  • 김춘식 (2012). 전통미디어와 대화를 통한 정치정보 습득이 정치 신뢰와 미디어 신뢰에 미치는 영향. <한국언론학보>, 56(4), 389-413
  • 김춘식·김관규 (2015). 사이버 명예훼손에 대한 보수언론과 진보언론의 프레임 분석. <사회과학연구>, 22(4), 279-310.
  • 김현정 (2016). 적대적 매체 지각이 행동의향에 미치는 영향: 정치적 정체성의 현저성과 정서, 이슈 관여도의 역할을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 60(3), 66-90.
  • 나은경·이강형·김현석 (2009). 댓글 읽기/쓰기를 통한 온라인 소통이 대의민주주의 사회에서 갖는 의미. <한국언론학보>, 53(1), 109-132.
  • 노현주·윤영철 (2016). 신문, 방송, 포털매체의 의견 다양성 비교분석. <한국언론학보>, 60(6), 68-99.
  • 민영 (2016). 신뢰의 조건: 저널리즘 전문성과 정파적 편향성이 언론 신뢰와 정치 신뢰에 미치는 영향. <한국언론학보>, 60(6), 127-156.
  • 박노일 (2008). 블로그 이용자의 뉴스미디어 신뢰도 연구. <한국언론학보>, 52(3), 422-439.
  • 박아란·이소은 (2020). <디지털 뉴스 리포트 2020 한국>. 한국언론진흥재단.
  • 박정의 (2001). 다매체 시대의 매체별 신뢰도 분석: 온라인과 전통 매체의 변별 요소. <한국방송학보>, 15(3), 129~154.
  • 반현 (2003). 인터넷 뉴스 미디어의 신뢰도에 관한 실험 연구. <한국방송학보>, 17(2), 207~231.
  • 백영민·안수찬·김위근 (2019). 언론수용자의 언론인 접촉경험과 언론신뢰: 언론인접촉-언론신뢰 가설에 대한 실증 테스트. <한국언론학보>, 63(5), 119-151.
  • 성동규·박상호(2005). 지상파 3사의 미디어 신뢰도와 TV뉴스 이용에 관한 연구: 대학생들의 선호집단별 미디어 신뢰도 평가를 중심으로. <방송연구>, 여름호, 213~242.
  • 송인덕 (2014). 언론사의 정파성 인식과 수용자의 정치성향에 따른 편향적 매체지각: 신문사설을 중심으로. <커뮤니케이션 이론>, 10(3), 222-257.
  • 송종길 (2007). 매체별 신뢰도의 유사성 및 차별성 분석연구. <한국언론학보>, 51(2), 180-202.
  • 안종묵 (2012). 신문닷컴(online newspaper)과 종이신문의 뉴스서비스에 대한 사례 연구: 경향닷컴, 경향신문을 중심으로. <커뮤니케이션학 연구>, 20(2), 29-46.
  • 양승목 (2007). 신뢰도 하락과 위기의 한국 언론. 임상원 외, <민주화 이후의 한국 언론> (139~182쪽), 나남.
  • 엄현식·강재원 (2019). 뉴스기사의 프레임이 이용자의 기사 신뢰도 인식에 미치는 영향: 정치 성향 일치 여부의 조절효과를 중심으로. <사회과학연구>, 26(1), 187-205.
  • 유선영 (2002). <한국 신문의 대중주의-일간지 연성 기사 분석>. 한국언론재단.
  • 이나연 (2020). 한국의 뉴스 신뢰도와 저널리즘 독립성 중요도 인식, 왜 낮을까? 박아란·이소은 (2020). <디지털 뉴스 리포트 2020 한국>, 24-28쪽, 한국언론진흥재단.
  • 이소은·박아란 (2020). 편향적 뉴스 이용과 언론 신뢰 하락: 디지털 뉴스 리포트 2020 주요 결과. <미디어이슈> 6권 3호. 한국언론진흥재단. URL: https://www.kpf.or.kr/front/research/issueDetail.do
  • 이재현 (2006). 모바일 미디어와 모바일 콘텐츠: 멀티플랫포밍 이론의 구성과 적용. <방송문화연구>, 18(2), 285-317.
  • 이종혁 (2015). 언론보도에 대한 편향적 인식이 공정성 평가에 미치는 영향: 우호적, 중도적, 적대적 매체에 대한 비교 검증. <한국언론학보>, 59(1), 7-36.
  • 임종섭·김명준 (2015). 근거이론방법의 고찰과 언론학 연구에 주는 함의: 보수신문과 진보신문의 탈북자 기획기사 분석을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 59(2), 427-452.
  • 최민재·김재영 (2008). 포털의 17대 대선 관련 뉴스서비스 공정성에 관한 탐색적 연구. <언론과학연구>, 8(4), 667-701.
  • 하승태·이정교 (2011). 미디어 이용량과 선호 콘텐츠 유형이 미디어 신뢰도에 미치는 영향. <한국언론학보>, 55(1), 413-434.
  • 하승희·이민규 (2012). 북한주민 생활 실태에 관한 국내 신문보도 프레임연구: 조선일보, 동아일보, 한겨레, 경향신문을 중심으로. <한국언론정보학보>, (58), 222-241.
  • 한국언론진흥재단 (2017). <언론인 의식조사 2017>.
  • 한국언론진흥재단 (2019). <2019 언론수용자 조사>.
  • 현기득·서미혜 (2019). 한국 정파언론 환경의 특수성은 보수와 진보 수용자의 매체 태도와 이용에 차별적 영향을 미치는가? <한국언론학보>, 63(2), 46-76.
  • 현기득·정낙원·서미혜 (2020). 포털 뉴스와 댓글에 대한 정파성 지각이 포털 뉴스 신뢰, 영향력 지각 및 선택적 노출에 미치는 영향 : 보수와 진보 이용자의 차이를 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 64(4), 247-288.
  • 홍주현·손영준 (2017). 사드 루머(THAAD rumor) 보도에 나타난 한국 언론의 정파성: 네트워크 분석과 프레임 분석을 중심으로. <한국언론정보학보>, (84), 152-188.