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감염병과 혐오의 팬데믹 속 언론의 자화상 : 코로나19 감염병 전파에 대한 언론보도에서 나타나는 ‘혐오 조장 표현’이 이용자에게 미치는 영향 분석
초록
본 연구는 코로나19 관련 언론보도에서 나타나는 혐오 조장 표현이 ‘통제가능성’ 정도와 ‘책임귀인’ 대상에 따라 이용자들의 ‘혐오조장’ 및 ‘이용자 효과’에 있어 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 검토하였다. 그 결과, 언론의 혐오 조장 표현은 이용자로 하여금 혐오를 조장하고, 즉각적인 부정적 반응과 더불어 개인과 사회에 대한 신뢰, 해당 사안에 대한 태도 및 행동에 이르기까지 포괄적인 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 언론보도 내 혐오 조장 표현은 이용자들로 하여금 ‘차별 인식’보다 ‘혐오 감정’이라는 보다 강한 부정의 감정을 조장하고 있었고, 이용자 효과에서도 마찬가지로 ‘태도’ 보다 ‘행동’이라는 상대적으로 더 큰 효과라고 인식되는 차원의 결과치가 더 크게 나타나, 혐오 조장 표현을 접한 이용자들이 혐오 표현의 피해자인 동시에 진원지가 되는데, 언론이 적지 않은 영향을 끼치고 있음을 유추할 수 있었다. 나아가 혐오 조장 표현이 ‘일반적 신뢰’보다 심리적·사회적 거리가 가까운 주변인 및 주변 상황에 대한 ‘개별적 신뢰’ 하락에 더 큰 영향을 끼친다는 연구결과는, 그 어느 때보다 사회적 통합 및 결속이 중요한 재난 상황에서 혐오 조장 표현이 문제 해결을 더 어렵게 만드는 요소로 기인한다고 해석할 수 있다. 한편 ‘혐오조장’과 ‘이용자 효과’는 ‘통제가능성’ 정도와 ‘책임귀인’에 따라 분류된 네 집단 간에 종합적인 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 두 종속변인 모두 통제가능성이 낮은 상황에서 책임귀인이 ‘개인’보다 ‘집단’을 향하고 있을 때 영향력이 더 크게 나타나 선행연구와 일치되는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만 통제가능성이 높은 상황에서는 반대로 나타났는데, 이는 특정 사안에 ‘도덕적 차원의 틀’이 적용됨으로서 대상에 대한 비난을 표출하기 어려워진 당시의 사회적 분위기와 여론이 영향을 미쳤다고 볼 수 있다. 위와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 특히 재난 상황에서 언론보도에 대한 이용자들의 의존도가 높아진 상황을 반영하여, 일차적으로 그에 따른 더욱 엄격하고 철저한 저널리즘 원칙을 언론 종사자가 스스로 준수해야 할 필요가 있고, 본 연구결과를 활용한 보다 실효성 있는 ‘감염병 보도준칙’에 대한 지속적인 개선작업을 바탕으로, 언론의 자성적인 노력을 통한 근본적 해결방안을 모색할 필요가 있다고 제언하는 바이다.
Abstract
Amid criticism that the media, which should avoid hate above all else in the disaster situation of infectious diseases, is using expressions that encourage hate, This study examined how hate-promoting expressions in COVID-19-related media reports affect users’ “hate inducing” and “user effect” depending on the degree of “controllability” and “responsible attribution”. As a result, expressions that promote hate in the press has been shown influence users in terms of promoting hate, trust toward individuals and society, attitudes and actions on the issue, and invoking immediate negative response. In particular, hate-promoting expressions in media reports encouraged users to feel more “hate” than “biased and prejudiced”, and users perceived ‘action’ to have a greater effect than “attitude,” from which could be inferred that users who encountered hate-promoting expressions were both victims and at the epicenter of hate speech. Furthermore, this study found that hate-promoting speech has a greater impact on the decline “individual trust” toward neighbors and surrounding environment that have a closer psychological and social distance compared to a more generalized understanding of trust. The results suggest that hate speech makes it more difficult to solve problems in disaster situations where social integration and solidarity are more important than ever. Meanwhile, “hate-promoting” and “user effect” show a comprehensive difference between the four groups classified according to the degree of “controllability” and “responsible attribution.” Both dependents were less likely to be controlled, and when the responsible return was directed at the “group” rather than the “person” it showed greater influence, consistent with prior research. However, the opposite was seen in the highly controllable situation, which could be attributed to the social atmosphere and public opinion at a time when the “moral framework” was applied to certain issues, making it difficult to express criticism toward the target. Based on the above findings, the study suggests that media workers need to comply with stricter and more rigorous journalism principles, especially in disaster situations, and seek fundamental solutions by developing ‘infectious reporting guidelines’ based on these findings. In the midst of a pandemic where there is a high level of reliance on news coverage, more attention should be given to hate speech than in the early stages of an outbreak, and stricter fact-checking and verification should be reflected in future guidelines when responsible attribution applies to a particular individual or group in an issue with no moral framework.
Keywords:
Infectious disease reporting, hate-promoting expression, controllability, responsible attribution, reporting guidelines키워드:
감염병 보도, 혐오 조장 표현, 통제가능성, 책임귀인, 보도준칙Acknowledgments
This study was supported by The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies and KBS' 2020 New Scholars and Follow-up Generation Research Support Project. (본 연구는 ‘한국언론학회·KBS의 2020년도 신진학자와 학문 후속세대 연구지원 사업’의 지원을 받아서 수행된 연구임)
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