온라인 소비자 후기 명예훼손 판결에서 나타난 표현의 자유와 한계
초록
이 연구는 소비자 후기의 명예훼손 성립에 관한 합리적 기준을 제시한 2012년 ‘산후조리원 판결’ 이후 선고된 관련 형사판결 63건을 분석하여 소송 현황, ‘산후조리원 판결’ 인용 경향, 정보통신망법상 명예훼손죄의 구성요건인 ‘비방의 목적’에 대한 판단을 살펴보았다. 분석 결과, 상소율은 47.4%(1심 61.1%, 2심 23.8%)로 나타났고, 판결의 약 60%가 항소심 이상에서 확정되었다. 무죄율은 45.9%였고, 사실적시 명예훼손 사건은 무죄율이 65.4%에 이른 반면, 허위사실적시 명예훼손 사건에서는 모두 유죄가 선고되었다. 상소심의 원심유지 비율은 90.5%로 나타났다. 명예훼손 단일 혐의 사건에는 모두 벌금형이 선고되었고, 그 액수는 평균 108만 원이었다. ‘산후조리원 판결’ 인용률은 41.7%였고, 사실적시 명예훼손 사건에서의 인용률(53.8%)이 허위사실적시 명예훼손 사건(10.0%)보다 높게 나타났다. ‘산후조리원 판결’을 인용한 경우의 무죄율(86.7%)은 그렇지 않은 경우(19.0%)보다 67.7p% 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 무죄율이 45.9%에 이른 것을 보면 소비자 후기 명예훼손 사건에서 기소권 남용이 심각하게 우려되는 상황이다. 다만, 법원은 피해자의 명예훼손 정도와 인터넷 이용자들의 자유로운 정보 및 의견 교환에 따른 이익을 적절히 비교형량하는 과정을 거쳐 소비자의 권리와 표현의 자유를 보호하고자 하는 모습을 보였다. 즉 소비자 후기가 진실한 사실로서 공공의 이익을 목적으로 게시된 것이라고 판단된 경우에는 비방의 목적을 부인함으로서 무죄판결을 선고하였다. 다만, 법원은 소비자 후기가 누구나 볼 수 있는 공간에 무차별적으로 게시되고, 그 내용이 피해자를 특정하며, 인신공격적인 내용을 포함하고, 게시 횟수 등 표현 방법이 과도한 경우, 또한 주된 목적이 다른 소비자에 대한 정보제공이라기보다 사적 목적에 있다고 판단되는 경우 비방의 목적을 인정하였다. 즉 피고인이 객관적 사실에 근거한 후기를 작성한 경우라도 공표 범위, 표현 방법, 피해자가 입었을 정신적 고통, 게시 경위 등을 종합하여 볼 때 그것이 피해자를 비방할 목적에 의한 것으로 판단되면 유죄판결을 선고하였다.
Abstract
In 2012, the court judgment in the Postpartum Care Center case, in which the court decided in favor of freedom of expression, provided a reasonable test on defamation by online consumer reviews. As such, this study analyzed 63 court cases that were announced after the aforementioned judgment to examine the status of the lawsuits, the trend of the citation of the Postpartum Care Center case ruling, and the court’s position on the “purpose of slander,” which is an essential element of defamation under the Information and Communication Network Act. The findings indicate that the appeal rate of the criminal judgments involving defamation by consumer reviews was 47.4% (61.1% for the first-instance judgments and 23.8% for the second-instance judgments). About 60% cases were confirmed at an appellate level or higher. The rate of acquittal was 45.9%, and the acquittal rate reached 65.4% for defamation cases based on facts, whereas all cases of defamation cases with false facts were convicted. And that of judgments maintained by appellant courts was 90.5%. Interestingly, the courts imposed fines on convicts in all cases where the defendants were convicted only of defamation, and the average amount of the fines stood at 1.08 million KRW. Among the cases, those citing the Postpartum Care Center case was 41.7%, and the citation rate in defamation cases with false facts was 53.8%, which is 43.8%p higher than that of cases with false facts. The acquittal rate when citing the Postpartum Care Center was 86.7%, which is 67.7%p higher than the judgments that did not. The fact that the acquittal rate reached 45.9% raises serious concerns about abuse of the right to prosecute in consumer defamation cases. However, the courts showed that they are trying to protect consumers' rights and freedom of expression through a process of appropriately comparing and balancing the degree of defamation of the victim and the benefits of the free exchange of information and opinions of Internet users. In other words, if it was judged that the consumer reviews were posted for the purpose of public interest as truthful facts, the accused was acquitted by denying the purpose of slander. But when consumer reviews are posted indiscriminately in spaces that can be accessed by anyone: The victim can be identified from the content; the review contains personal attacks on the victim; the mode of expression is excessive in terms of several aspects, such as the number of posts; and the main purpose is to pursue the defendant’s personal agenda rather than providing information to other consumers, the courts recognized the purpose of slander. In other words, although the defendant wrote a review based on objective facts, if it was deemed to serve the purpose of slandering the victim considering the scope of distribution, the mode of expression, the mental distress that the victim may have suffered, and the posting process, the court found the defendant guilty.
Keywords:
Consumer reviews, Defamation, Freedom of speech, Consumer rights, Information and Communications Network Act키워드:
소비자 후기, 명예훼손, 표현의 자유, 소비자 권리, 정보통신망법References
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