Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication (KSJCS)
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 65, No. 6, pp.482-518
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 31 Dec 2021
Received 13 Aug 2021 Accepted 01 Dec 2021 Revised 07 Dec 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2021.65.6.012

가족이 기억하는 죽음, 기자가 기록하는 죽음 : 의미연결망 분석과 토픽모델링을 이용한 세월호 학생 희생자 추모 텍스트 분석

이완수** ; 최명일***
**동서대학교 미디어커뮤니케이션 계열 교수, 주저자 wansoo1960@gmail.com
***남서울대학교 광고홍보학과 교수, 교신저자 jhmi0410@nsu.ac.kr
Death remembered by family, death recorded by reporter : A semantic network analysis and topic modeling of the text memorializing Sewol ferry victims
Wan Soo Lee** ; Myungil Choi***
**Professor, Division of Media & Communication, Dongseo University wansoo1960@gmail.com
***Professor, Department of Advertising & Public Relations, Namseoul University jhmi0410@nsu.ac.kr

초록

이 연구는 2014년 4월 16일 세월호 침몰사고로 희생된 대한민국 경기도 단원고 등학교 학생 119명의 죽음을 기록한 유가족의 추모편지와 기자의 추모기사 사이에 어떤 언어적 의미차이가 있는지 비교해 살펴보았다. 전체적인 기억의 내용을 비교해 보기위해 의미연결망 분석을, 선택한 단어 집단 간의 차이를 비교해 보기위해 토픽모델링 분석을 실시했다. 분석결과, 유가족 추모편지는 꿈에서라도 한 번 나타나 줬으면 하는 엄마의 간절한 모성애, 자녀와 경험했던 생전의 일상적 추억, 자녀를 죽음에서 구해주지 못한 아빠의 무력감, 그리고 가족의 근황과 함께 견디기 힘든 일상적 고통에 대한 기억을 드러냈다. 추모편지는 주로 ‘엄마’, ‘아빠’, ‘딸’, ‘아들’, ‘사랑’, ‘미안’, ‘행복’과 같은 가족과 감정 중심적인 언어들을 많이 사용했다. 이에 반해 기자의 추모기사는 자식을 영원히 떠난 보낸 부모의 깊은 상실감, 자녀의 무사귀환에 대한 기원, 어린 망자의 개인적 재능과 장래희망, 자녀와의 마지막 이별장면, 그리고 교우관계나 사회봉사와 같은 규범적인 사회가치나 미덕을 강조하는 보다 객관적 내용을 중심으로 기록했다. 추모기사는 ‘엄마’, ‘아빠’와 함께 ‘친구’, ‘세월호’, ‘단원고’, ‘수학여행’, ‘사고’, ‘학교’와 같은 세월호 사고와 사회관계적인 언어들을 많이 사용했다. 이 연구는 기억 행위자에 따라 어린 망자의 죽음이 어떻게 다르게 재현되고, 의미화 되는지를 이론적 관점에서 논의했다.

Abstract

This study examined the differences in the linguistic meaning between memorial letters from the bereaved family and a reporter's memorial stories. The object of analysis is a set of text recording the deaths of 119 students at Danwon High School in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, who died in the Sewol ferry sinking on April 16, 2014. Semantic network analysis was conducted to compare the content of the overall memory, and topic modeling analysis was performed to compare the differences between the selected words group. The findings show that the memorial letters of the bereaved family is about a mother's earnest “maternal love” – a longing to see the lost child even once in a dream, memories of the day-to-day experiences with her children, a father's helplessness in not being able to save her child from death, and the everyday pain that is difficult to bear along with the current situation of the family. It also shows the memorial letters mainly used family and emotion-oriented language such as ‘mom,’ ‘dad,’ ‘daughter,’ ‘son,’ ‘love,’ ‘sorry,’ and ‘happiness.’ In contrast, the reporter's memorial stories describe the deep loss of parents who have left their children forever, prayers for their children's safe return, personal talents and hopes for the future of their dead children, the final farewell scene with their children, and norms such as friendship and social service. Memorial stories by newspaper mainly use words related to social values or virtues as well as events and social relations such as ‘friend’, ‘Sewol ferry’, ‘Danwon High School’, ‘educational trip’, ‘accident’, and ‘school’ along with ‘mom’ and ‘dad’. Our study shows that the method of memory for death is different depending on the memory actor. The family's memorial letters emphasize the emotional and intrinsic relationship with the deceased, while the media's memorial stories emphasize the social and normative relationship of the deceased's death, showing a discriminatory method of memory. In addition, the family's memorial letter is intrinsically remembered in accordance with the emotional solidarity with the deceased, whereas the memorial record reproduced by the reporter is different in that it emphasizes external factors such as socially recognized and accepted spirit, attitude, and behavior. The difference between the memory of the bereaved family and the reporter can be explained by focusing on the relationship with the deceased. The study goes onto discuss the theoretical implications of how the deaths of young students are remembered (or recorded) according to the memory actors.

Keywords:

Sewol ferry sinking accident, memorial letters, memorial stories, semantic network analysis, topic modeling

키워드:

세월호 침몰사고, 유가족 추모편지, 기자 추모기사, 의미연결망 분석, 토픽모델링

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2019S1A5A2A01049730). (이 논문은 2019년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 인문사회분야 중견연구자지원사업의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(NRF-2019S1A5A2A01049730)).

References

  • Anderson, J. R. (2013). The architecture of cognition. New York: Psychology Press. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315799438]
  • Árnason, A., Hafsteinsson, S. B., & Grétarsdóttir, T. (2003). Letters to the dead: Obituaries and identity, memory and forgetting in Iceland. Mortality, 8(3), 268-284. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13576270310001599812]
  • Assmann, A. (2006). Memory, individual and Collective. In R. E. Goodin & C. Tilly (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of contextual political analysis (pp. 210-226). Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
  • Blei, D. M. (2012). Probabilistic topic models. Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 77-84. [https://doi.org/10.1145/2133806.2133826]
  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. C. (2002). Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, M.A: Analytic Technologies.
  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2013). Analyzing social networks. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Brennan, M. (2008). Mourning and loss: Finding meaning in the mourning for Hillsborough. Mortality, 13(1), 1-23. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13576270701783082]
  • Connor, S. M., & Wesolowski, K. (2004). Newspaper framing of fatal motor vehicle crashes in four Midwestern cities in the United States, 1999–2000. Injury Prevention, 10(3), 149-153. [https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2003.003376]
  • Danilova, N. (2015). The politics of mourning: The virtual memorialisation of British fatalities in Iraq and Afghanistan. Memory Studies, 8(3), 267-281. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698014563874]
  • Davies, J. (1994). One hundred billion dead: A general rheology of death. In J. Davies (Ed.), Ritual and remembrance: Responses to death in human societies (pp.24-39). Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
  • De Vries, B., & Rutherford, J. (2004). Memorializing loved ones on the World Wide Web. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 49(1), 5-26. [https://doi.org/10.2190/DR46-RU57-UY6P-NEWM]
  • DiMaggio, P., Nag, N., & Blei, D. M. (2013). Exploiting affinities between topic modeling and the sociological perspective on culture. Poetics, 41(6), 570-606. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2013.08.004]
  • Donohue, J. C. (1973). Understanding scientific literature: A bibliographic approach. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Edy, J. A. (1999). Journalistic uses of collective memory. Journal of Communication. 49(2), 71-85. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02794.x]
  • Fast, J. D. (2003). After Columbine: How people mourn sudden death. Social Work, 48(4), 484-491. [https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/48.4.484]
  • Field, N. P. (2006). Unresolved grief and continuing bonds: An attachment perspective. Death Studies, 30(8), 739-756. [https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180600850518]
  • Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Continuing bonds and adjustment at 5 years after the death of a spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 110-117. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.110]
  • Field, N. P., Nichols, C., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1999). The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 212-218. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.67.2.212]
  • Fowler, B. (2004). Mapping the obituary: Notes towards a Bourdieusian interpretation. Sociological Review, 52(2_suppl), 148-171. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00529.x]
  • Fowler, B., & Bielsa, E. (2007). The lives we choose to remember: A quantitative analysis of newspaper obituaries. Sociological Review, 55(2), 203–226. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00702.x]
  • Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press. Atlantis, 13(1-2), 285-292.
  • Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64-90. [https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104]
  • Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Guo, L., & McCombs, M. (2011, May). Network agenda setting: A third level of media effects. In annual conference of the International Communication Association, Boston, MA.
  • Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226774497.001.0001]
  • Hanusch, F. (2008). Valuing those close to us: A comparison of German and Australian quality newspapers’reporting of death in foreign news. Journalism Studies, 9(3), 341-356. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700801997281]
  • Hanusch, F. (2010). Representing death in the news: Journalism, media, mortality. Palgrave Macmillan; United Kingdom. [https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289765]
  • Hsu, M. T., Kahn, D. L., Yee, D. H., & Lee, W. L. (2004). Recovery through reconnection: A cultural design for family bereavement in Taiwan. Death studies, 28(8), 761-786. [https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180490483391]
  • Hume, J. (2000). Obituaries in American culture. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
  • Hume, J. (2003). Portraits of grief, reflectors of values: The New York Times remembers the victims of September 11. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(1), 166-182. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000111]
  • Josephi, B., Müller, C., & Friske, H. J. (2006). How private a death?: Obituaries in Australia and Germany. Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies (HJEAS), 12(1/2), 31-45.
  • Kamada, T., & Kawai, S. (1989). An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs. Information Processing Letters, 31, 7-15. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(89)90102-6]
  • Kaplan, S. (1973). Cognitive maps in perception and thought. Image and environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial behavior, 63-78.
  • Kim, S. K. (2017). The Sewol ferry disaster in Korea and maritime safety management. Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia, 183-199. [https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004344228_011]
  • Kinner, R. T., Metha, A. T., Buki, L. P., & Rawa, P. M. (1994). Manifest values of eminent psychologists: A content analysis of their obituaries. Current Psychology, 13(1), 88-94. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686860]
  • Kitch, C. (2000). A news of feeling as well as fact: Mourning and memorial in American newsmagazines. Journalism, 1(2), 171-95. [https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490000100202]
  • Kitch, C. (2002). A death in the American family: Myth, memory, and national values in the media mourning of John F. Kennedy Jr. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(20), 294-310. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900207900203]
  • Kitch, C., & Hume, J. (2012). Journalism in a culture of grief. New York, NY: Routledge. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203942000]
  • Klass, D., & Walter, T. (2001). Processes of grieving: How bonds are continued. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 431–448). American Psychological Association. [https://doi.org/10.1037/10436-018]
  • Lee, S. H., Nam, H. S., Kim, H. B., Kim, E. J., Noh, J. W., & Chae, J. H. (2018). Factors associated with complicated grief in students who survived the Sewol ferry disaster in South Korea. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(3), 254-260. [https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2017.05.04]
  • Lee, W. S., Shim, J. C., & Yoo, J. W. (2014). Reflecting absence: Representing the extraordinary deaths of ordinary sailors in the media. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 19(5), 416-425. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2013.794665]
  • Leydesdorff, L. (1995). TI.exe for co-word analysis. http://www.leydesdorff.net/software/ti/index.htm
  • McCallum, A. K. (2002). MALLET: A machine learning for language toolkit. http://mallet.cs.umass.edu, . 2002.
  • Monroe, B. M., & Read, S. J. (2008). A general connectionist model of attitude structure and change: The ACS (Attitudes as Constraint Satisfaction) model. Psychological Review, 115(3), 733-759. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.3.733]
  • Moses, R. A., & Marelli, G. D. (2003). Obituary and the discursive construction of dying and living. Texas Linguistics Forum, 47, 123-130.
  • Neimeyer, R. A., & Anderson, A. (2002). Meaning reconstruction theory. In N. Thompson(Ed.), Loss and grief: A guide for human services practitioners (pp. 45-64). London: Palgrave. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1404-0_4]
  • Norman, N. D. (2008). From a record of death to a memory of life: The rise of the biographical obituary in the gentleman's magazine. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Virginia Tech, Blackburg, Virginia.
  • Peri, Y. (1999). The media and collective memory of Yitzhak Rabin's remembrance. Journal of Communication, 49(3), 106-124. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02807.x]
  • Popping, R. (2000). Computer-assisted text analysis. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications. [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208741]
  • Revier, K. (2020). ‘A Life Lived’: Collective memory and white racial framing in digital opioid overdose obituaries. Contemporary Drug Problems, 47(4), 320-337. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450920944238]
  • Santanen, E. L., Briggs, R. O., & De Vreede, G. J. (2000, January). The cognitive network model of creativity: A new causal model of creativity and a new brainstorming technique. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Maui, HI, USA
  • Scanlon, J., & McCullum, C. (1999). Media coverage of mass death: not always unwelcome. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 14(3), 55-59.
  • Schwartz, B. (1996). Memory as a cultural system: Abraham Lincoln in World War II. American Sociological Review, 61(5), 908-927. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2096461]
  • Thomson, P. (2010). Loss and disorganization from an attachment perspective. Death Studies, 34(10), 893-914. [https://doi.org/10.1080/07481181003765410]
  • Taussig, D. (2017). Your story is our story: Collective memory in obituaries of US military veterans. Memory Studies, 10(4), 459-473. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698016653441]
  • Thorsson, G. A. (1999). Einkavæðing textans. Timarit Ma´ls og menningar. 60(2), 16-20.
  • Tuan, Y. F. (1975). Images and mental maps. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 65(2), 205-212. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01031.x]
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2013). News as discourse. New York & London: Taylor & Francis Group. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203062784]
  • Vu, H. T., Guo, L., & McCombs, M. E. (2014). Exploring “the world outside and the pictures in our heads” A network agenda-setting study. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(4), 669-686. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699014550090]

Appendix

부록Ⅰ. 국문 참고문헌

  • 김소형 (2019). 일본군 성노예 피해자 부고기사와 집단 기억의 형성. <인문사회>, 10권 4호, 1-14.
  • 김일환·이도길 (2017). ‘한글’에 대한 사회적 관심의 트렌드: 신문 빅데이터를 활용하여. <한글>, 316호, 121-167.
  • 남춘호 (2016). 일기자료 연구에서 토픽모델링 기법의 활용가능성 검토. <비교문화연구>, 22권 1호, 89-135.
  • 박자현·송민 (2013). 토픽모델링을 활용한 국내 문헌정보학 연구동향 분석. <정보관리학회지>, 30권 1호, 7-32.
  • 박지영·김태호·박한우 (2013). 의미연결망 분석을 통한 셀러브리티의 SNS 메시지 탐구. <방송통신연구>, 통권 82호, 36-74.
  • 박진균·김택윤·송민 (2017). 텍스트마이닝을 이용한 윤동주 연구의 개체계량학적 분석. <한국비블리아학회지>, 28권 1호, 191-207.
  • 박한우·Leydesdorff, L.(2004). 한국어의 내용분석을 위한 KrKwic 프로그램의 이해와 적용: Daum.net에서 제공된 지역혁신에 관한 뉴스를 대상으로. <Journal of The Korean Data Analysis Society>, 6(5), 1377-1388.
  • 이민철 (2018). Tomoto 프로그램 ver .1. https://lab.bab2min.pe.kr/tomoto
  • 이완수 (2017). <부고의 사회학: 한국 죽음기사의 의미구성>. 서울: 시간의 물레.
  • 이완수·양영유 (2020). 심리적·물리적 거리와 기억의 차이: 4·16 세월호 참사 희생자 추모영화 <생일>속 인물의 기억현실을 중심으로. <한국언론정보학보>, 99호, 177-215.
  • 이원상·손소영 (2015). 공간빅데이터 연구 동향 파악을 위한 토픽모형 분석. <대한산업공학회지>, 41권 1호, 64-73.
  • 정명석·이주연 (2018). Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) 모델 기반의 인공지능(A.I.) 기술 관련 연구 활동 및 동향 분석. <한국산업정보학회논문지>, 23권 3호, 87-95.
  • 정원준 (2018). 사드(THAAD) 이슈를 둘러싼 한국과 중국 간 갈등 쟁점의 변화 추이 연구. <한국광고홍보학보>, 20권 3호, 143-196.
  • 진경선·김수연·정유경·송현주·송민 (2017). 단체카톡방 언어성폭력에 대한 태도 연구. <한국심리학회지: 여성>, 22권 2호, 289-313.
  • 최석재 (2014), 집단지성을 이용하는 개방형 형태소 분석기의 설계와 구현. <언어와 정보 사회>, 22호. 53-82.
  • 416 가족협의회·김기성·김일우 (2015). <잊지 않겠습니다>. 서울: 한겨레출판.