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The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication (KSJCS)
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 66, No. 2, pp.107-154
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 30 Apr 2022
Received 13 Aug 2021 Accepted 01 Apr 2022 Revised 11 Apr 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2022.66.2.003

임진왜란 원인과 책임에 대한 귀인 프레임 구성 : 류성룡의 『징비록』 내용분석을 통해

김문환** ; 문안나*** ; 이완수**** ; 심재철*****
**고려대학교 연구교수 kimunan2724@hanmail.net
***충북대학교 초빙조교수 aloft2013@naver.com
****동서대학교 미디어커뮤니케이션 계열 교수 wansoo1960@gmail.com
*****고려대학교 미디어학부 명예교수 shim@korea.ac.kr
Attribution Frame Composition for the Causes and Responsibility of the Imjin War : Through the Content Analysis of Ryu Seong-ryong's 『Jingbi-Rok』
Moon-hwan Kim** ; Mun Anna*** ; Wansoo Lee**** ; Jae-chul Shim*****
**Research professor, Korea University, First Author kimunan2724@hanmail.net
***Invited Assistant Professor, Liberal Arts Education Headquarters, Chungbuk National University aloft2013@naver.com
****Professor, Division of Media & Communication, Dongseo University, Corresponding Author wansoo1960@gmail.com
*****Professor Emeritus, School of Media & Communication, Korea University shim@korea.ac.kr

초록

이 연구는 류성룡의 『징비록』이 임진왜란 원인과 극복책임에 대한 귀인을 어떻게 프레이밍하고 있는지를 밝혀보았다. 이를 위해 먼저 이 텍스트가 저널리즘 관점에서 뉴스의 조건을 갖추었는지를 검토하고, 전쟁의 원인(혹은 실패)과 극복책임을 어디에 귀인하며 그 요인은 무엇인지, 그리고 기사 유형에 따른 책임 귀인은 어떻게 나타나는지에 대한 연구문제를 설정하고 내용분석을 실시했다. 분석 결과, 『징비록』 텍스트는 6하 원칙에 따른 대본 구조 또는 비유법을 활용하는 수사학적 구조를 갖추고, 시·공간적 프레임을 제시하는 뉴스 기사의 조건을 갖춘 것으로 나타났다. 우리는 뉴스 텍스트로서 『징비록』 프레임 분석을 통해 몇 가지 이론적 함의점을 제시했다. 첫째, 미디어는 사회가 강조하는 가치와 미덕, 약점과 강점을 선별적으로 선택, 강조, 상술해 특정 측면을 현저하게 드러낸다는 프레이밍 이론을 『징비록』텍스트 내용분석에서 확인했다. 둘째, 미디어는 사회적 갈등 문제를 다룰 때 문제의 정의, 원인진단, 행위자에 대한 도덕적 평가, 그리고 해법 프레임을 제시한다는 구성방식을 『징비록』 내용분석을 통해 관찰했다. 셋째, 미디어는 재난의 원인과 책임을 상황에 따라 선택적으로 프레이밍 한다는 이론적 사실을 『징비록』 분석을 통해 확인했다. 넷째, 미디어가 제시하는 재난 문제에 대한 책임 프레임은 왕정제와 같은 정치시스템에 따라 다르게 구축되고, 해석된다는 사실을 밝혔다. 다섯째, 미디어는 국제적 갈등 이슈를 다룰 때 자국의 이해관점에서 프레이밍 한다는 기존 이론이 『징비록』내용에서도 확인했다. 여섯째, 뉴스 텍스트 유형에 따라 책임에 대한 귀인주체가 다르다는 기존 이론이 『징비록』텍스트에서도 확인했다. 즉, 일화 중심 텍스트에서는 개인에게 책임을 더 귀인하고, 주제 중심 텍스트에서는 조직이나 국가에 더 책임을 귀인하는 경향을 보였다. 아울러 이 연구는 몇 가지 현실적 함의점도 보여준다. 첫째, 전쟁 실패에 대한 책임 귀인의 비율은 국제 차원, 개인 차원, 조직 차원 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 국제 차원에서는 강한 적군과 비실용적인 외교관계가, 개인차원에서는 인재를 적재적소에 활용하지 못한 왕의 무능력과 함께 직무를 소홀히 한 채 도망간 장수의 무책임한 태도가, 그리고 조직 차원에서는 정부의 행정 기능 마비가 전쟁 실패의 원인으로 나타났다. 셋째, 전쟁 극복에 대한 책임 귀인의 비율은 중앙관리의 전술 전략, 장수의 솔선수범, 의병참여등 백성의 자발적인 협력, 그리고 국왕의 위기극복 노력과 같은 개인 차원에서 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 왕이 모든 의사결정을 내리는 왕정제 국가에서 일어난 전시상황에서 왕에 대한 책임문제 프레임이 비중 있게 언급되지 않았다. 다섯째, 전쟁과 같은 국가 재난에 대비해 무엇을 준비하고, 어떻게 대응해야 하는지에 대한 전략적 시사점을 보여주었다. 여섯째, 당파 싸움에 따른 심리적 집단사고(group think)가 대재난으로 이어졌다는 사실을 통해 정부 내 조직 커뮤니케이션은 물론 위기 커뮤니케이션의 중요성을 환기시켜준다. 『징비록』 텍스트를 저널리즘 관점에서 접근함으로써 과거 역사 기록물을 현대 이론에 적용해 연구할 수 있다는 가능성을 제시했다.

Abstract

This study investigated how Ryu Seong-ryong's Jingbi-rok framed the attribution of the cause of the Imjin War and the responsibility for overcoming it. To this end, we first reviewed whether this text met the conditions of news from a journalistic perspective, and then set up research questions regarding the cause(or failure) of war and the responsibility for overcoming it, and how the attribution of responsibility appears according to the type of article. Our content analysis showed that Jingbi-Rok has a script structure following the 5W1H principles, a rhetorical system using analogies, and a spatial-temporal frame. Through the frame analysis of Jingbi-Rok as news text, we presented some theoretical implications. First, the text analysis of Jingbi-Rok confirmed the framing theory that media selectively chooses, emphasizes, and elaborates the values, virtues as well as weaknesses, and strengths upheld by society. Second, the content analysis revealed that when dealing with problems regarding social conflicts, the media presents the definition of the problem, its cause, moral evaluation of the actor, and a frame for solution. Third, the analysis showed the theoretical fact that the media selectively frame the causes and responsibilities of disasters according to the situation. Fourth, the frame of responsibility for a disaster presented by the media was established and interpreted differently depending on the political system, such as a monarchy. Fifth, the existing theory that the media use frames from the perspective of the country's own interests when dealing with international conflicts was also confirmed. Lastly, the analysis of Jingbi-Rok showed that the attribution of responsibility is different depending on the type of news text. In other words, in episodic texts, individuals were considered to be more responsible, while in thematic texts, there was a tendency to attribute more responsibility to the organization or country. Moreover, this study showed some realistic implications as well. Above all, the proportion of attribution to causing war appeared in the order of international, individual, and organizational levels. Second, as for the international level, the cause was powerful enemy and impractical diplomatic relations and at the individual level, the king's failure to use human resources properly, and the incompetence of generals and other military officials who ran away while neglecting their duties turned out to be the cause of failure. At the organizational level, the dysfunction of the administration was the cause. Third, the attribution for overcoming the war showed a high ratio on the individual level such as central management's tactical strategy, general’ exemplary attitude, voluntary cooperation of the people, and the king's efforts to overcome the crisis. Fourth, the king’s responsibility was not fully addressed considering that the war broke out under a monarchy, where the king makes all the decisions. Fifth, it presented strategic implications for what to prepare for and how to respond to national disasters such as war. Lastly, based on the fact that psychological group thinking had led to a catastrophe, it evoked the importance toword communication of the public as well as organizational communication within the government. By analyzing Jingbi-Rok from a journalistic point of view, this paper suggested the possibility that historical records can be studied by applying modern journalism theories.

Keywords:

Jingbi-Rok, the Imjin War, News Frame, Attribution of Responsibility, Causing and Overcoming War

키워드:

징비록, 임진왜란, 뉴스 프레임, 책임 귀인, 전쟁 실패와 극복

Acknowledgments

This paper was supported by Dongseo University’s “Dongseo Cluster Project” Research Fund of 2022 (DSU-20220003)(이 논문은 2022년도 동서대학교 “Dongseo Cluster Project” 지원에 의하여 이루어진 것임 (DSU-20220003))

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