Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication (KSJCS)
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies - Vol. 66, No. 6, pp.230-270
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 31 Dec 2022
Received 14 Oct 2022 Revised 28 Nov 2022 Accepted 30 Nov 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2022.66.6.007

‘연예인 되기’에 관한 질적 연구

이설희* ; 이동후**
*용인대학교 문화콘텐츠학과 조교수 seulhi@gmail.com
**인천대학교 신문방송학과 교수 donghoo@inu.ac.kr
A Qualitative Study of ‘Becoming an Entertainer’
Seul-Hi Lee* ; Dong-Hoo Lee**
*Assistant Professor, Yongin University seulhi@gmail.com
**Professor, Incheon National University, corresponding author donghoo@inu.ac.kr

초록

미디어 환경이 급속히 변화하고 문화산업이 빠르게 확장하는 가운데, 연예인 되기를 희망하는 사람들이 늘어나고 있다. 이 연구는 이들이 왜 연예인이 되고 싶었는지부터 어떻게 준비하고 현장 경험을 하고 있는지를 심층 인터뷰를 통해 살펴보면서, 미디어 환경과 연예 산업이 어떻게 이들의 경험을 조건 짓고 어떠한 개별적 차이와 공통의 경험이 나타나고 있는지를 드러내고자 했다. 다시 말해, 이들의 ‘연예인 되기’ 과정을 구체적으로 접근하면서, 상호연관된 연예 산업-미디어-연예인 지망생의 개별적 경험이라는 삼각관계를 주목했다. 연구 결과, 연예인 지망생들의 경험은 연예 산업 분야의 불안정성과 비체계성을 드러낸다. 체계적이지 않은 연예 산업 현장에서 이들은 자신의 직업적 경로를 찾아가며 기업가적 정신을 가지게 된다. 그리고 이와 같은 연예인 지망생들의 기업가적 노력에는 변화하는 미디어 환경에 따라 자신의 브랜드 가치를 높이는 미디어 노동이 포함된다. 미디어는 연예인들에 대한 표상을 만들면서, 연예인이 되기 위해 자신을 관리하고 드러내야 하는 무형의 노동현장이 되고 있다. 이 연구는 대중문화산업이 양적으로 확장되고 이에 대한 기대감은 커졌지만, 실질적으로 그 분야에서 자신의 직업적 정체성을 찾고자 하는 이들의 노력과 경험 쌓기가 문화산업 및 미디어 환경과의 관계 속에서 개인이 책임지도록 구조화된 측면이 있음을 보여준다.

Abstract

As the cultural industry rapidly expands in the changing media environment, the number of people wanting to become entertainers is increasing. However, despite the growing interest in this profession, few studies have considered this aspect in depth. This study investigates why people aspire to become entertainers, how they prepare for it, what kind of field experiences they have on their career journeys, and what is needed to claim their identities as entertainers. Based on in-depth interviews, this study explores the participants’ paths to “becoming entertainers” and discusses how their experiences are embedded in changing the entertainment industry and the media environment. By examining the triangular interrelationship among industrial conventions, media practices, and the processes of becoming, this study finds instability and unsystematicity in the entertainment industry. Aspiring entertainers have tended to rely on private educational institutions and informal networks of various sizes to gain on-the-job experiences, whose undefined characteristics make their career paths fragmented and personalized. The stability of their job experiences was not guaranteed due to the nature of the project-based entertainment industry, which constantly jeopardized their identities as entertainers. Under that condition, aspiring entertainers began seeking their career paths with an entrepreneurial spirit based on hope for “someday success,” the expectation of luck and coincidence, and belief in their natural appearance and ability. Thus, aspiring entertainers have tended to willingly accept their concurrent precarious situations and consider them a problem they must solve on their own. Their entrepreneurial efforts and practices include media labor for self-branding, such as managing social media and creating profile pictures that appeal to ever-changing tastes in the entertainment field and among potential clients and fans. Media platforms have become sites where aspiring entertainers find their role models and engage in immaterial labor to promote themselves. Since they believe they must manage their images via media, they devote considerable time and effort to creating, editing, and distributing them. Their everyday lives and activities serve as possible material for obtaining such images. Entertainers’ daily practices of image production reinforce the typically expected image of an entertainer and make its stylish and fantastical imagery more prevalent in social media. The widespread distribution of entertainers’ images makes the world of entertainers seemingly accessible to anyone with good looks and talent, sparks the desire to become an entertainer, and constantly invites people into this world. This study identifies the structural aspects of the entertainment industry within which individuals must take responsibility for every aspect of their entertainment careers.

Keywords:

entertainment industry, aspiring entertainers, uncertainty, media labor, in-depth Interviews

키워드:

연예 산업, 연예인 지망생, 불확실성, 미디어 노동, 심층 인터뷰

References

  • Alacovska, A. (2019). ‘Keep hoping, keep going’: Towards a hopeful sociology of creative work. The Sociological Review, 67(5), 1118-1136. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118779014]
  • Bridgstock, R. (2013). Professional capabilities for twenty‐first century creative careers: Lessons from outstandingly successful Australian artists and designers. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 32(2), 176-189. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2013.01756.x]
  • Duening, T. N. (2010). Five minds for the entrepreneurial future: Cognitive skills as the intellectual foundation for next generation entrepreneurship curricula. The Journal of entrepreneurship, 19(1), 1-22. [https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570901900101]
  • Duffy, B. E., & Pooley, J. (2019). Idols of promotion: The triumph of self-branding in an age of precarity. Journal of Communication, 69(1), 26-48. [https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy063]
  • Dumont, G. (2018). The labor of reputation building: Creating, developing and managing individual reputation. Consumption Markets & Culture, 21(6), 515-531. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2017.1373253]
  • Frank. R, H., & Cook, P. J. (2008). The winner-take-all society (Y. K. Kwan & Y. M. Kim, Trans.). Seoul: Woongjin. (Original work published 1996).
  • Gaenssle, S., & Budzinski, O. (2021). Stars in social media: New light through old windows? Journal of Media Business Studies, 18(2), 79-105. [https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2020.1738694]
  • Gandini, A. (2016). Digital work: Self-branding and social capital in the freelance knowledge economy. Marketing theory, 16(1), 123-141. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593115607942]
  • Godart, F., & Mears, A. (2022). Transitory ties: A network ecology perspective on job opportunities in fashion modeling [On-Line]. Social Network. Retrieved 8/24/22 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2022.02.003]
  • Ha, Y. G. (2006). A case study on the establishment of a stable foundation for Hallyu and the improvement of the broadcasting entertainment management industry (2006-26). Korea Broadcasting Commission.
  • Hasmondhalgh, D., & Baker, S. (2011). Creative labour. Abingdon: Taylor & Trancis Group.
  • Her, H. R. (1998). Stardom path model. Media society. Journalism & Society, 21, 29-50.
  • Her, H. R. (2002). Star marketing. Maeil Business Newspaper.
  • Hwang, Y., Park, D., & Kim, H. (2015). A study on the structure and transaction types of production factors market in broadcasting and video industry (Basic Study 15-02). Korea Imformation Society Development Institute.
  • Kim, B. S., & Kim, K. Y. (2011). Study on changes in the employment structure of TV production staffs in South Korea. Journal of Communicaion Science, 11(2), 28-68.
  • Kim, H.-G. (2014a). Aspiring actors, cosmetic surgery and the formation of ‘Image commodity-subject’. Women’s Studies Review, 31(2), 3-32. [https://doi.org/10.18341/wsr.2014.31.2.3]
  • Kim, H.-G. (2014b). Gender/sexuality politics of Korean entertainment industry structured by entertainment. Journal of Korean Women’s Studies, 30(2), 53-88.
  • Kim, H.-G. (2015). ‘Producing women’ and ‘Labor as a lover’. SAI間SAI, 19, 9-40.
  • Kim, H. S. (1998a). Culture industy and star system. Korean Journal of Communication & Information, 10, 111-128.
  • Kim, H. S. (1998b). Star system. Seoul: SamIn.
  • Kim, H. S. (2001). Television, and star and starsystem. Program/Text, 5.
  • Kim, T. O. (2018). A sutdy on the vertical series of broadcasting market. Broadcast Culture, 413, 157-184.
  • Lee, A. R. (2021). 2021 A survey on the status of popular culutre and arts industry (KOCCA 21-28). Korea Creative Content Agency.
  • Lee, D.-H. & Lee, S. H. (2017). Exploring the BJs’ labor process. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 61(2), 127-156. [https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2017.61.2.005]
  • Lee, J. (2019). What Idols/trainees need as cultural workers. Cultural Science, 98, 232-246.
  • Lee, I.-H. & Kwon, S.-J. (2018). Exploring the change of actors perception on broadcasting productiion systems and drama production components. Journal of The Korean Entertainment Industry Association, 12(7), 47-62. [https://doi.org/10.21184/jkeia.2018.10.12.7.47]
  • Lee, S. H., & Hong, N. (2020). Precarious youth in the media industry. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 101, 113-151. [https://doi.org/10.46407/kjci.2020.06.101.113]
  • Maloney, N. (2019). Freelancing, entrepreneurship and inherent career risk: An exploration in the creative industries. In J. Higgs, S. Cork, & D. Horsfall (Eds.), Challenging future practice possibilities (pp. 167-176). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Sense. [https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004400795_014]
  • Marwick, A. (2015). You may know me from YouTube (micro-)celebrity in social media. In S. Redmond & P. Marshall (Eds.), A companion to celebrity (pp. 333-349). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118475089.ch18]
  • Maxwell, I., Seton, M., & Szabo, M. (2018). The precarious lives of actors. Australasian Drama Studies, 72, 149-175.
  • Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 93-104. [https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00001]
  • Neff, G., Wissinger, E., & Zukin, S. (2005). Entrepreneurial labor among cultural producers:“Cool” jobs in “hot” industries. Social Semiotics, 15(3), 307-334. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330500310111]
  • Park, J.-W. (2011). Flexibility, creativity, precarity. Journalism & Society, 19(4), 41-86.
  • Reilly, P. (2017). The layers of a clown: Career development in cultural production industries. Academy of Management Discoveries, 3(2), 145-164. [https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2015.0160]
  • Seo, D.-J. (2012). Media work as creative labor?: Toward critical inquire of media work with critical cultural economy. Korean Journal of Communication & Information, 57, 33-48.
  • Soronen, A., & Koivunen, A. (2022). Platformed intimacies: Professional belonging on social media. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(5), 1344-1360. [https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494221079854]
  • Szczepanik, P. (2021). Omnivorous careers in small markets: An industry perspective on acting. The Italianist, 41(2), 256-259. [https://doi.org/10.1080/02614340.2021.1950426]

Appendix

부록

  • 김병선·김건용 (2011). 지상파 방송 프로그램 제작 스태프 고용 구조의 변화에 관한 연구. <언론과학연구>, 11권 2호, 28-68.
  • 김태오 (2018). 방송시장의 수직계열화에 대한 시론적 고찰-방송시장에서의 연예기획사 영향력 확대에 대한 법적 검토, <방송문화>, 413권, 157-184.
  • 김현경 (2014a). 연예인 지망생 및 신인의 성형 경험과 ‘이미지 상품-주체’의 형성. <여성학논집>, 31권 2호, 3-32.
  • 김현경 (2014b). 기획사 중심 연예산업의 젠더/섹슈얼리티 정치학. <한국여성학>, 30권 2호, 53-88.
  • 김현경 (2015). ‘여자되기’와 ‘애인이라는 노동’:미디어 정동경제에서 여자 연예인 지망생/신인의 일. <사이間SAI>, 19권, 9-40.
  • 김호석 (1998a). 문화산업과 스타시스템: 스타와 비스타 활용의 보상구조에 관한 연구. <한국언론정보학보>, 10권, 111-128.
  • 김호석 (1998b). <스타시스템>. 서울: 삼인.
  • 김호석 (2001). 텔레비전, 그리고 스타와 스타시스템, <프로그램/텍스트>, 제5권.
  • 박진우 (2011). 유연성, 창의성, 불안정성 : 미디어 노동 연구의 새로운 문제 설정. <언론과 사회>, 19권 4호, 41-86.
  • 서동진 (2012). 창의적 일로서의 미디어 노동?:미디어 노동의 문화경제 분석을 위한 시론. <한국언론정보학보>, 57권, 33-48.
  • 이동후·이설희 (2017). 인터넷 개인방송 BJ의 노동 과정에 대한 탐색. <한국언론학보>, 61권 2호, 127-156.
  • 이설희·홍남희 (2020). 유동하는 청년들의 미디어 노동. <한국언론정보학보>, 101호, 113-151.
  • 이아름 (2021). <2021 대중문화예술산업실태조사> (KOCCA 21-28). 전남: 한국콘텐츠진흥원.
  • 이인혜‧권상집 (2018). 방송제작 환경 및 드라마 제작 요소에 대한 연기자의 인식 고찰. 한국엔터테인먼트산업논문지, 12권 7호, 47-62.
  • 이종임 (2019). 문화노동자로서의 아이돌/연습생에게 필요한 것. <문화과학>, 98권, 232-246.
  • 하윤금 (2006). <한류의 안정적 기반 구축과 방송 연예 매니지먼트 산업의 개선을 위한 해외 사례연구> (자유 2006-26). 방송위원회.
  • 허행량 (1998). 스타덤 경로 모델. <언론과 사회>, 21권, 29-50.
  • 허행량 (2002). 스타마케팅. <매일경제신문사>.
  • 황유선‧박동욱‧김호정 (2015). <방송영상산업 생산요소시장의 구조와 거래유형에 대한 연구> (기본연구 15-02). 정보통신정책연구원.
  • Hasmondhalgh, D., & Baker, S. (2011). Creative labour. UK: Taylor & Trancis Group. 안채린 (역) (2016). <창의 노동과 미디어 산업>. 서울 : 커뮤니케이션북스.