코로나-19 시기 보수, 진보, 중도 신문의 중국 관련 보도의 주제와 프레임 특성에 관한 구조 토픽 모델링 접근
초록
코로나-19 발생 이후 2년간 중국에서는 효과적인 방역 정책, 백신 개발 등 긍정적인 사건이 있었으며, 이 상황은 국제사회로부터 관심을 끌어, 중국에 관한 언론 보도에 나타난 관점이나 방향에도 일정 부분 변화가 있었을 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이 가능성에 초점을 맞춰, 중국과 인접한 국가로 긴밀히 협력해온 한국을 연구 사례로 선정했다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 코로나-19 발생 시점부터 2년간에 한국 언론이 코로나-19를 포함해 중국 전반에 관한 현안을 어떻게 보도했는지를 분석하고자 한다. 분석 결과, 본 연구는 코로나-19 시기에 보수, 진보, 중도 신문이 보도한 중국 관련 기사에서 주제와 프레임 유형을 찾아냈고, 코로나-19 진행과 관련해 4개 단계를 구분해 이들 개념이 변화한 양상을 분석했다. 연구방법으로 2020년 1월 1일부터 2021년 12월 31일까지 ‘중국’을 검색어로 사용해 보수 신문인 중앙일보, 진보 신문인 한겨레, 중도 신문인 한국일보 누리집에서 기사 3,592건을 추출한 다음 프로그래밍 언어인 R로 구조 토픽 모델링을 실시했다. 이 결과, 3개 신문별로 상위 10개의 뉴스 주제와 6개 유형의 프레임을 발견했으며, 4개 단계별로 주제와 프레임이 달라지는 정도를 분석했다. 이들 신문이 사용한 프레임은 문제 해결, 경제 효과, 인간 흥미, 갈등, 국제 위협, 국제 발전이었는데, 이 중에 코로나-19 발생, 중국인 범죄사건처럼 부정적 정서를 일으킬 수 있는 사건이나 이슈에 관한 인간 흥미 프레임이 가장 많았다. 차이점으로 중앙일보와 한겨레는 문제 해결 프레임을 사용해 중국 정부가 책임 있는 모습을 보였다고 보도한 반면에 한국일보는 이를 강조하지 않았다. 경제 효과 프레임에서 중앙일보와 한국일보는 중국이 보유한 큰 경제 시장과 발전 잠재력을 강조했지만, 한겨레는 코로나-19가 중국 경제에 안 좋은 영향을 미친다고 보도했다. 인간 흥미 프레임에서 중앙일보는 코로나-19 대응책처럼 긍정 정보에 주목했으나, 한겨레와 한국일보는 코로나-19 확진과 사망 사건 등 부정 정보를 더 많이 다뤘다. 갈등 프레임에서 한겨레는 중국이 국민 자유를 박탈한다는 부정적 모습에 집중했으나, 한국일보는 중국 영토가 불가침이며 존엄하다는 점에 주목했다. 1단계부터 4단계까지 이들 신문 보도에 드러난 주제의 유인가를 보면, 전체적으로 중국에 부정적인 태도를 보인 주제가 더 많았다. 따라서 부정적으로 인식되는 중국 이미지를 개선하는 정책 노력이 필요하다.
Abstract
In the two years since the outbreak of COVID-19, there have been positive events such as effective quarantine policies and vaccine development in China, and as this situation has attracted attention from the international community, it is expected that there will be some changes in the perspective or direction of media reports on China. This study focuses on this possibility and selects Korea as a case study, which has been closely cooperating with China as a neighboring country. Specifically, this study aims to analyze how the Korean media reported on current issues related to China in general, including COVID-19, for two years from the time of the outbreak of COVID-19. As a result of the analysis, this study identified types of themes and frames in news stories about China produced by conservative, liberal, and independent newspapers in South Korea during the Post-COVID-19 Era. It further analyzed the changes in the themes and frames in four stages relating to the status of COVID-19. As its methods, the study applied a structural topic modeling to 3,592 stories containing the term China, which it collected from the homepage of each newspaper from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021. A conservative outlet was JoongAng Ilbo with a liberal outlet being Hankyoreh, and an independent outlet being Hankook Ilbo. The analysis yielded 10 top themes and 6 types of frames and identified the degree to which these variables varied in the stages. Problem-solving, economic effect, human interest, conflict, international threat, and international development comprised the frames, among which the dominant was the human interest frame focusing on the COVID-19 incident, Chinese crime, and other negative events or issues. Differences emerged. JoongAng Ilbo and Hankyoreh relied on the problem-solving frame for portraying the responsibility of the Chinese government, while Hankook Ilbo did not emphasize it. In terms of economic effect, JoongAng Ilbo and Hankook Ilbo highlighted China’s large economic market and its development potential, while Hankyoreh focused on the negative effect of COVID-19 on the Chinese economy. Regarding the human interest frame, JoongAng Ilbo was concerned with such positive information as governmental responses to the disease, while Hankyoreh and Hankook Ilbo highlighted such negative information as the COVID-19 infection and death. By using the conflict frame, Hankyoreh criticized China for depriving its people of freedom, and Hankook Ilbo was concerned about the inviolability and integrity of China as a country. During the four stages, these newspapers used themes showing a negative stance toward the country. So, the Chinese government needs to start a policy for improving this negative image.
Keywords:
Theme, News Frame, Newspapers, China, Structural Topic Modeling키워드:
주제, 뉴스 프레임, 신문, 중국, 구조 토픽 모델링Acknowledgments
This paper is a major revision based on the first author’s 2022 master’s thesis in the Graduate School of Journalism, Sogang University(이 논문은 1저자의 2022년 서강대학교 신문방송학과의 석사학위 논문을 바탕으로 대폭 수정한 것이다).
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