Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
The Korean Society for Journalism & Communication (KSJCS)
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication - Vol. 69, No. 2, pp.63-109
ISSN: 2586-7369 (Online)
Print publication date 30 Apr 2025
Received 07 Feb 2025 Revised 01 Apr 2025 Accepted 03 Apr 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2025.69.2.002

기초 지자체의 지역신문 금전적 지원에 의한 매체포획과 지역신문의 보도

이예진*** ; 이준웅****
***서울대학교 언론정보학과 석사 yio1245@snu.ac.kr
****서울대학교 언론정보학과 교수 jwrhee@snu.ac.kr
Media Capture by Financial Support from Local Governments and Local Newspaper Coverage
Lee, Yejin*** ; Rhee, June Woong****
***M.A, Department of Communication, Seoul National University yio1245@snu.ac.kr
****Professor, Department of Communication, Seoul National University jwrhee@snu.ac.kr

초록

지역신문에 대한 금전적 지원을 둘러싸고 찬반 양측이 첨예하게 대립한다. 한편은 지역신문의 생존을 보장하기 위해 금전적 지원이 필요하다고 주장하고, 반대편은 금전적 지원이 매체 포획의 수단으로 작용해 지역신문의 권력 견제 기능이 후퇴할 수 있다고 우려한다. 그동안 지역 정부의 언론에 대한 금전적 지원이 지원받은 언론사의 보도에 미친다는 주장은 많았지만, 그 효과를 경험적으로 검토한 연구는 드물다. 이 연구는 우리나라 기초지자체의 금전적 지원이 지역신문 시정 보도에 어떤 영향을 끼치고 그 효과가 정치-언론 간 인적 연관성에 따라 달라지는지를 탐구했다. 2019년~2023년 5년간 대구, 대전, 인천의 10개 기초지자체가 지역신문에 지출한 광고료와 신문 구독료를 합산한 금전적 지원을 독립변수로, 시정 보도의 지자체에 대한 논조와 취재원 다양성을 종속변수로 사용해 일반화된 순서형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 진행했다. 연구 결과, 가설대로 지역정부의 금전적 지원은 지역신문 시정보도에서 지자체에 대한 긍정적인 보도를 증가시키고 부정적인 보도는 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 그러나 가설과 다르게 시정보도에서 다양한 취재원을 인용하도록 유도하는 효과도 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 2019년~2023년 5년간 각 지자체가 임용한 언론사 출신 공무원 수를 측정해 정치-언론 간 인적 연관성의 조절효과를 분석했지만 인적 연관성의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다. 결과적으로 지역신문에 대한 금전적 지원은 역기능과 순기능을 모두 가지고 있어, 다각적인 해석이 가능하다고 하겠다. 이 연구는 한국 언론에서 매체 포획에 특히 취약한 위치에 놓여 있는 지역신문이 언론 지원 정책에 따라 지면이 변할 수 있다는 통념을 확인하면서, 그간 한국 언론학이 잘 다루지 않았던 정치-언론 인적 연관성과 신문 구독료에 대한 관심을 촉구한다.

Abstract

The issue of financial support for local newspapers remains highly contentious, with sharp divisions between proponents and opponents. While some argue that such funding is critical to the survival of local newspapers, others raise concerns that it may facilitate media capture, ultimately undermining the ability of local newspapers to function as a check on state power. Previous studies in South Korea consistently suggest that government financial support for the press induces pro-government reportage. However, empirical research that quantitatively investigates this media capture impact is scarce. This study proposes two hypotheses to investigate the impact of financial support from local governments on local newspaper coverage of municipal administration and whether these effects vary based on the personal connection between politicians and media personel. The first hypothesis posits that as financial support from local governments to local newspapers increases, the diversity of news sources in reports on local governments will decrease, while the overall tone of coverage will become more favorable. The second hypothesis suggests that the effect of financial support on local newspaper coverage is moderated by the degree of personal connections between local political figures and journalists. To test the hypotheses, this study collected data on the total amount of advertising and subscription fees paid by ten local governments in Daegu, Daejeon, and Incheon to local newspapers between 2019 and 2023. A series of generalized ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed that increased financial support from local governments corresponded with a rise in positive coverage and a decline in negative coverage of local governments. However, contrary to the hypothesis, financial support was found to enhance the diversity of news sources in media coverage of local governments. Additionally, using the number of journalists appointed as government officials in each local government from 2019 to 2023, we investigated the moderating effect of human connections on the relationship between financial support and news coverage. However, the results indicated no statistically significant moderating effect. This study demonstrates that financial support for local newspapers can yield both positive and negative effects, underscoring the need for a multifaceted approach to addressing financial media capture. The findings contribute to Korean journalism studies by providing a quantitative analysis of financial support and its implications for media capture, particularly in the context of local newspapers, which are more susceptible to such influences. Overall, the study offers insights into the relationship between local governments and local news organizations within the framework of media capture theories.

Keywords:

local newspapers, media capture, financial support, human connections, content analysis

키워드:

지역신문, 매체 포획, 금전적 지원, 인적 연관성, 내용 분석

Acknowledgments

This work was based on the master’s thesis research conducted by Yejin Lee at Seoul Natioanl University(이 글은 이예진의 2024년 서울대학교 언론정보학과 석사학위논문의 일부를 수정보완한 것입니다).

The research was supported by Institute of Communication Research of Seoul National University, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(이 연구는 서울대학교 언론정보연구소와 2021년 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 이루어졌습니다)[NRF-2021S1A5B8096358].

References

  • Beattie, G. (2020). Advertising and media capture: The case of climate change. Journal of Public Economics, 188, 104219. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104219]
  • Beattie, G., Durante, R., Knight, B., & Sen, A. (2020). Advertising spending and media bias: Evidence from news coverage of car safety recalls. Management Science, 67(2), 698-719. [https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3567]
  • Bennett, W. L., & Serrin, W. (2005). The watchdog role (Vol. 169). The Press.
  • Cha, J. Y. (2002). Rise of community paper and construction of public sphere. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 46(3), 446-482.
    차재영 (2002). 지역신문의 성장과 공공영역의 구축: 충북 옥천 지역 사례를 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 46권 3호, 446-482.
  • Cha, J. Y. & Lee, S.-S (2009). Review of the feasibility of financial support from local governments for local media Academic seminar Necessity. Proceedings of the Spring Conference of the Korean Society for Journalism and Communication Studies, 6, 99-106.
    차재영·이승선(2009). 지역언론에 대한 지방자치단체 재정지원의 타당성 검토 학술세미나 필요성. <한국언론학회 봄철 정기학술대회 발표논문집>, 6호, 99-106.
  • Cho, C.-R. (2006). A study of the election-related reporting and gatekeeping process on the local newspaper: Focused on Gans’ multiperspectival approach. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 50(4), 381-410.
    조철래 (2006). 지역신문의 선거보도와 게이트키핑 과정에 관한 연구: 갠즈(Gans)의 다원주의적 접근을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 50권 4호, 381-410.
  • Cho, C.-R. (2009). A study on Yeung-Honam local newspapers concerning regionalism in the election-related reports: Focused on the general election 2004. Journal of Communication Science, 9(3), 510-542.
    조철래 (2009). 영호남 지역신문의 지역주의 보도 연구: 2004년 국회의원 선거를 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 9권 3호, 510-542.
  • Cho, Y.-S. (2008). Determinants of local newspapers’ crisis: Portion of local news. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 41, 181-199.
    조영신 (2008). 지역신문의 지역 관련 보도 비중에 미치는 요인. <한국언론정보학보>, 41호, 181-199.
  • Choi, M., Jin, M., & Sim, Y. (2020). Current status of overseas media support policies. Korea Press Foundation.
    최민재·진민정·심영섭 (2020). <해외 언론 지원정책 현황>. 한국언론진흥재단.
  • Choi, M., & Kim, Y. (2021). Performance analysis of the local newspaper development support project. Korea Press Foundation.
    최민재·김영은 (2021). <지역신문 발전 지원 사업 성과분석>. 한국언론진흥재단.
  • Choi, S., Kim, J., & Lee, H. (2021). A study on the characteristics of unfair and partial election news in newspapers in local newspapers: By analyzing the case of deliberation on news reports in the past national assembly elections. Journal of Media Economics & Culture, 19(3), 125-158. [ https://doi.org/10.21328/JMEC.2021.8.19.3.125 ]
    최숭민·김정민·이호규 (2021). 지역신문의 불공정 선거보도 특성에 관한 연구: 역대 국회의원선거 선거기사심의 사례의 내용, 지역, 후보자별 특성을 중심으로. <미디어 경제와 문화>, 19권 3호, 125-158.
  • Dardis, F. E. (2007). The role of issue-framing functions in affecting beliefs and opinions about a sociopolitical issue. Communication Quarterly, 55(2), 247-265. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370701290525]
  • Dragomir, M. (2018). Control the money, control the media: How government uses funding to keep media in line. Journalism, 19(8), 1131-1148. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917724621]
  • Gentzkow, M., Glaeser, E. L., & Goldin, C. (2006). The rise of the fourth estate how newspapers became informative and why it mattered. In E. L. Glaeser & C. Goldin (Eds.), Corruption and reform: Lessons from America’s economic history (pp. 187-230). University of Chicago Press. [https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226299594.003.0007]
  • Gentzkow, M., Petek, N., Shapiro, J. M., & Sinkinson, M. (2015). Do newspapers serve the state? Incumbent party influence on the US press, 1869-1928. Journal of the European Economic Association, 13(1), 29-61. [https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12119]
  • Gurun, U. G., & Butler, A. W. (2012). Don’t believe the hype: Local media slant, local advertising, and firm value. The Journal of Finance, 67(2), 561-598. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01725.x]
  • Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867]
  • Han, S., & Lee, O.-H. (2010). A study on the newsroom culture and identity formation of local journalists: Focusing on the area of Gwangju. Media & Society, 18(4), 2-36.
    한선·이오현 (2010). 지역신문 기자의 작업문화와 정체성 형성에 대한 연구: 광주지역을 중심으로 한 질적 연구. <언론과 사회>, 18권 4호, 2-36.
  • Her, J.-A., & Lee, O.-H. (2009). A qualitative study on the forces that influence the article production of local newspapers: Focus on the article production of Gwangjudream. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 46, 449-484.
    허진아·이오현 (2009). 지역신문 기사생산에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 질적 연구: ｢광주드림｣ 기사생산을 중심으로. <한국언론정보학보>, 46호, 449-484.
  • Jang, H.-H. (2004). Why is it a problem for journalists to enter politics? Kwanhun Journal, 45(1), 132-140.
    장행훈 (2004). 언론인의 정계진출, 왜 문제인가? <관훈저널>, 45권 1호, 132-140.
  • Jang, H.-S. (2001). Sources and methods of reporting in Korean newspapers. Proceedings of the Academic Conference of the Korean Society for Journalism and Communication Studies, 179-193.
    장호순 (2001). 한국 신문의 취재원과 취재경로 분석. <한국언론학회 가을철 정기학술대회 발표논문집>, 179-193.
  • Jang, H.-S. (2002). The role of local media in the development of local communities. Hallym Law Forum, 11, 63-77.
    장호순 (2002). 지역사회 발전을 위한 지역언론의 역할. <한림법학 FORUM>, 11권, 63–77.
  • Jang, S. (2020, May 31). In Gangwon-do, there is no OOO in Wonju-si. Media Today. https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=207246
    장슬기. (2020, 5, 31). 강원도엔 원주시만 OOO가 없다. <미디어오늘>.
  • Jang, S. (2023, June 21). The reason for putting blank advertisements on the front page of a local newspaper “Isn’t this the time of the Fifth Republic?”. Media Today. https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=310753
    장슬기 (2023, 6, 21). 지역신문 1면 백지광고 낸 까닭 “지금이 5공 시대는 아니지 않는가”. <미디어오늘>.
  • Jang, S. (2024, February 20). This year, Gangbuk-gu has allocated no budget for Gyeongdoji to Seoul newspaper. Media Today. https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=316033
    장슬기 (2024, 2, 20). 강북구, 올해 서울신문 계도지 예산 0원. <미디어오늘>.
  • Jang, S. (2024, February 8). Wonju City, following the lawsuit against Wonju MBC, is facing controversy over the cancellation of subscription to Wonju newspaper. Media Today. https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=315761
    장슬기 (2024, 2, 8). 원주시, 원주MBC 소송에 이어 원주신문 구독 취소 논란. <미디어오늘>.
  • Jang, S. (2024, March 12). Four district offices in Daejeon, over 300 million won in Gyeongdoji “It should be gone now”. Media Today. https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=316584
    장슬기 (2024, 3, 12). 대전 4개 구청, 계도지 3억 넘어 “이젠 사라져야”. <미디어오늘>.
  • Jung, J. (2016). The emergence of general programming channels and the formation of entertaining media-political sphere: A new pattern of structural coupling between the political and the media systems. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 77, 73-107.
    정준희 (2016). 종합편성채널의 부상과 오락적 정론장(政論場)의 형성: 정치-미디어 체계 간 구조적 접속의 새로운 양상. <한국언론정보학보>, 77호, 73-107.
  • Kim, D.-M., & Ahn, J.-A. (2004). Study on the characteristics of articles and advertisements in the local newspaper: Focused on the Jeonnam Ilbo. Journal of Communication Science, 4(3), 41-82.
    김덕모·안주아 (2004) 지역신문의 기사 및 광고의 특성에 관한 연구: 전남일보 사례분석. <언론과학연구>, 4권 3호, 41-82.
  • Kim, D.-M., & Kang, C.-S. (2012). A study on the promotion of regulations of supporting local newspapers by local government. Journal of Communication Science, 12(2), 41-77. [ https://doi.org/10.14696/jcs.2016.06.16.2.41 ]
    김덕모·강철수 (2012). 지방자치단체의 지역신문 지원조례 추진에 관한 연구. <언론과학연구>, 12권 2호, 41-77.
  • Kim, D.-M., & Woo, H.-C. (2008). A study on the supporting system of local newspapers and its policy assessment model. Journal of Communication Science, 8(4), 114-158.
    김덕모·우희창 (2008). 지역신문 지원제도의 정책목표와 평가 모델에 관한 연구. <언론과학연구>, 8권 4호, 114-158.
  • Kim, J. (2020). A study on the satisfaction and surveillance function of town newspapers. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 21, 11(5), 483-495. [ https://doi.org/10.22143/HSS21.11.5.35 ]
    김정재 (2020). 지역신문 만족도와 감시기능에 관한 연구. <인문사회 21>, 11권 5호, 483-495.
  • Kim, J.-Y. (2006). Differences in sourcing conventions: Between Chosun-Ilbo and Okchun-Shinmoon. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 50(1), 137-161.
    김재영 (2006). 취재원 활용 관행의 차이: <조선일보>와 <옥천신문>의 경우. <한국언론학보>, 50권 1호, 137-161.
  • Kim, S., & Rhee, J. W. (2017). The effect of competitive politics and clientelism on political independence of public service broadcasting. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 61(6), 7-36. [ https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2017.61.6.001 ]
    김상유·이준웅 (2017). 경쟁적 정치와 후견주의가 공영방송의 정치적 독립성에 미치는 영향. <한국언론학보>, 61권 6호, 7-36.
  • Kim, S., Shim, S., Ahn, S., & Cheon, H. (2021). Achievements and challenges of grassroots local media innovation. https://www.cln.or.kr/cln/bbs/i-47/detail.do?pageIndex=1&ntt_sn=23
    김선호·심석태·안수찬·천현진 (2021). 풀뿌리 지역 언론 혁신 성과와 과제. (한국언론진흥재단 지역신문발전기금 연구서 2021-02).
  • Kim, S.-E. (2017). From journalists to politicians: A socio-historical analysis of Korean ‘Polinalists’. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 61(3), 7-54.
    김세은 (2017). 한국 ‘폴리널리스트’의 특성과 변화: 언론인 출신 국회의원을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 61권 3호, 7-54.
  • Koh, Y.-C. (2003). An empirical research on the perceptions of readers and journalists about the functions and roles of local newspapers. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 47(6), 195-193.
    고영철 (2003). 한국 지방일간지의 기능 및 역할 가정에 대한 인식 비교: 제주지역 지방일간지 독자와 언론인을 대상으로. <한국언론학보>, 47권 6호, 165-193.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage. [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781]
  • Lacy, S. (1992). The financial commitment approach to news media competition. Journal of Media Economics, 5(2), 5-21. [https://doi.org/10.1080/08997769209358220]
  • Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (1989, August). Financial commitment, newspaper quality and circulation: Testing an economic model of direct newspaper competition. Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Washington, DC.
  • Lacy, S., Fico, F., & Simon, T. (1989). Relationships among economic, newsroom, and content variables: A path model. Journal of Media Economics, 2(2), 51-66. [https://doi.org/10.1080/08997768909358185]
  • Lee, B. (2023, July 23). Goyang City plans 690 million won publicity budget for 159 media outlets…Goyang Newspaper is 0 won. Goyang Newspaper. https://www.mygoyang.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=74212
    이병우 (2023, 7, 23). 고양시, 159개 언론사에 6억9천만원 홍보예산 책정…고양신문은 0원. <고양신문>.
  • Lee, G., Won, S. K., & Ahn, C. (2023). A study on the evaluation and the prospect of the newspaper development fund during the past 10 years in Gyeongnam region. Locality & Communication, 27(1), 66-101. [ https://doi.org/10.47020/JLC.2023.02.27.1.66 ]
    이건혁·원숙경·안차수 (2023). 경남지역 신문지원사업의 10년 평가와 그 전망에 관한 연구. <지역과 커뮤니케이션>, 27권 1호, 66-101.
  • Lee, H.-S. (2013). Local authorities’ expenditures on media relations and the patterns of media coverage : Centered on local media’s reports. Journal of Communication Science, 13(2), 295-328.
    이희성 (2013). 지방자치단체의 대언론 지출과 보도경향 분석: 지역 언론의 시정 관련 기사를 대상으로. <언론과학연구>, 13권 2호, 295-328.
  • Lee, J. (2024, March 10). Asan City, allegations of favoritism to a certain newspaper company. Geumgang Newspaper. https://www.ggilbo.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1018986
    이진학 (2024, 3, 10). 아산시, 특정신문사 특혜 의혹. <금강일보>.
  • Lee, J., Kim, J., & Kim, D. (2013). A study on the improvement of local newspaper support policies based on the evaluation of local newspaper support: Focusing on written interviews with local newspaper workers. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 57(6), 386-416.
    이정기·김정기·김동규 (2013). 지역신문 지원 평가에 따른 지역신문 지원정책 개선방안 연구: 지역신문 종사자들에 대한 서면인터뷰를 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 57권 6호, 386-416.
  • Lee, S., & Choi, N.-J. (2022). How does the local media deal with “balanced development”? Journal of Communication Science, 22(3), 131-174. [ https://doi.org/10.14696/jcs.2022.09.22.3.131 ]
    이서현·최낙진 (2022). 지역언론은 ‘균형발전’을 어떻게 다루고 있는가? <언론과학연구>, 22권 3호, 131-174.
  • Lee. S., Song, C., Lee, S.-H., & Choi, N.-J. (2021). How the local media deals with the opinions of residents in the scheduled area for the Jeju second airport?: Focusing on the Comparison between News Reports and Interviews with Residents. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 106, 133-170. [ https://doi.org/10.46407/kjci.2021.04.106.133 ]
    이서현·송철민·이승환·최낙진 (2021). 지역언론은 제2공항 예정지 마을주민들의 이야기를 어떻게 다루고 있는가?: 언론보도와 주민인터뷰 간 비교를 중심으로. <한국언론정보학보>, 106호, 133-170.
  • Lee, S.-S. (2014). A study on the conflict between the head of local government and the local press: Focusing on the area of Daejeon. Journal of Social Sciences, 25(2), 521-547. [ https://doi.org/10.16881/jss.2014.04.25.2.521 ]
    이승선 (2014). 지방자치단체의 언론대응 방식 특성과 함의: 대전광역시 2012-2013 사례를 중심으로. <사회과학연구>, 25권 2호, 521-547.
  • Lee, Y.-D., & Kang, J.-W. (2007). A content analysis of the reports of local newspapers on conflicts among local governments: The cases of the new port and the Pyeongtack-Dangjin Port. Korean Journal of Local Government Studies, 11(1), 137-158.
    이영동·강정운 (2007). 지방정부간 갈등에 대한 지역언론 보도 내용의 분석: 신항과 평택·당진항 사례. <지방정부연구>, 11권 1호, 137-158.
  • Lim, Y. H. (2016). A study on the career mobility of reporters at local newspapers. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 78, 177-205.
    임연희 (2016). 지역신문 기자들의 경력 이동 연구. <한국언론정보학보>, 78호, 177-205.
  • Mancini, P. (2012). Instrumentalization of the media vs. political parallelism. Chinese Journal of Communication, 5(3), 262-280. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2012.701415]
  • Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2012). Freedom without impartiality: The vicious circle of media capture. In P. Gross & K. Jakubowicz (Eds.), Media transformations in the post-communist world (pp. 33-48). Lexington Books.
  • Nam, H.-Y. (2005). A study of the impact of newspaper financial stability, size on the use of news releases by local newspaper. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 49(6), 233-256.
    남효윤 (2005). 언론의 보도자료 이용에 관한 연구: 지역신문의 재무상태, 규모에 따른 차이를 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 49권 6호, 233-256.
  • Nam, H.-Y. (2006). Constraints on the news production process in local newspapers: Influence of newspaper size. Journal of Communication Science, 6(1), 115-146.
    남효윤 (2006). 언론보도와 통제 요인에 관한 연구: 지역신문의 규모를 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 6권 1호, 115-146.
  • Nam, H.-Y. (2009). A study on the effect of ownership pattern of the press on press release use by each sector in local newspaper. Journal of Communication Science, 9(3), 103-137.
    남효윤 (2009). 언론의 소유구조가 분야별 보도자료 이용에 미치는 영향 연구 - 지역신문을 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 9권 3호, 103-137.
  • Nam, H.-Y., & Ku, G.-T. (2004). A study of the impact of newspaper scale on the use of local government’s news releases by local newspaper. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 25, 41-64.
    남효윤·구교태 (2004). 지역신문의 지방정부 보도자료 이용에 관한 연구: 신문사 규모를 중심으로. <한국언론정보학보>, 25호, 41-64.
  • Pae, J.-K. (2010). A study on advertising’s influence on newspaper reports. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 54(6), 103-128.
    배정근 (2010). 광고가 신문보도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 그 유형과 요인을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 54권 6호, 103-128.
  • Pae, J.-K. (2017). Factors that affect power surveillance function of the press -In-depth interviews with journalists who covered the Choi Soon-sil Gate-. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 31(3), 42-77.
    배정근 (2017). 언론의 권력감시 기능 발현에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구: 최순실 국정농단 사태 취재기자 심층면접을 중심으로. <한국방송학보>, 31권 3호, 42-77.
  • Park, J. (2020, September 11). “Too many newspaper subscriptions” is a waste of taxpayer money - Subscription standards needed. Wando Newspaper. https://www.wandonews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=216450
    박주성 (2020, 9, 11.). “신문구독 너무 많다” 혈세낭비 논란·구독기준 필요. <완도신문>.
  • Park, J.-W. (2015). Professionalism and professional project of Korean journalism: Considerations on historical context of press-politics parallelism. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 74, 177-196.
    박진우 (2015). 한국 언론의 전문직주의와 전문직 프로젝트의 특수성: 언론-정치 병행관계의 한국적 맥락. <한국언론정보학보>, 74호, 177-196.
  • Pi, J. (2010). Media capture and local government accountability. Prague Economic Papers, 19(3), 273-283. [https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.376]
  • Picard, R. G. (2013). State support for news: Why subsidies? why now? what kinds? In P. Murschetz (Ed.), State aid for newspapers (pp. 49-57). Springer. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35691-9_3]
  • Pickard, V. (2011). Can government support the press? Historicizing and internationalizing a policy approach to the journalism crisis. The Communication Review, 14(2), 73-95. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2011.573430]
  • Reuter, J., & Zitzewitz, E. (2006). Do ads influence editors? advertising and bias in the financial media. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(1), 197-227. [https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.1.197]
  • Rhee, J. W., Cho, H.-J., Song, H.-J., & Jung, J.-H. (2010). A comparative systematic approach to media system: The Korean case. Communication Theories, 6(1), 87-143.
    이준웅·조항제·송현주·정준희 (2010). 한국사회 매체 체계의 특성: ‘민주화 이행 모형’의 제안. <커뮤니케이션 이론>, 6권 1호, 87-143.
  • Schudson, M. (2011). The sociology of news (2nd ed.). W. Norton & Company.
  • Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message. Longman.
  • Sigal, L. (1986). Who?: Sources make the news. In R. K. Manoff & M. Shudson (Eds.), Reading the news. (pp. 9-37). Pantheon.
  • Song, B.-Y., Lee, M.-C., & Kim, Y.-H. (2014). Influencing factors on the use of press release and writing news stories in local newspapers: Focusing on the advertising pressure. Journal of Communication Science, 14(4), 146-188. [ https://doi.org/10.14696/jcs.2014.12.14.4.146 ]
    송병원·이명천·김요한 (2014). 지역신문의 보도자료 이용과 기사 작성 과정에 영향을 미치는 요인: 광고의 영향을 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 14권 4호, 146-188.
  • Song, H.-J. (2021). Theorizing the politics-press relations into mediatization of politics: Commentary on Hang-Je Cho’s ≪Democracy and the Press in Korea≫ (2020). Media & Society, 29(1), 152-179. [ https://doi.org/10.52874/medsoc.2021.02.29.1.152 ]
    송현주 (2021). ‘미디어화’를 통한 정치-언론 관계의 이론화: 조항제의 ≪한국의 민주주의와 언론≫ (2020). <언론과 사회>, 29권 1호, 152-179.
  • Stanig, P. (2015). Regulation of speech and media coverage of corruption: An empirical analysis of the Mexican Press. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 175-193. [https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12110]
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). Toward a taxonomy of media capture. In A. Schiffrin (Ed.), In the service of power: Media capture and the threat to democracy (pp. 9-18). National Endowment for Democracy.
  • Tella, R. D., & Franceschelli, I. (2011). Government advertising and media coverage of corruption scandals. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(4), 119–151. [https://doi.org/10.1257/app.3.4.119]
  • Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. The Free Press.
  • Vanhanen, T. (2003). Democratization: A comparative analysis of 170 countries. Routledge. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203614501]
  • Vasagar, J., & Byrne, A. (2014). RTL hurt by Hungary’s advertising tax. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/cd037 80a-6b42-11e4-be68-00144feabdc0
  • Yoon, J.-S., & Lee, O.-H. (2011). A study on the ways for local governments to control local media: Focusing on the areas of Gwangju and Jeonnam. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication, 55(4), 358-381.
    윤주성·이오현 (2011). 지방정부의 지역언론 통제방식에 관한 연구: 광주·전남 지역을 중심으로. <한국언론학보>, 55권 4호, 358-381.
  • Yun, C., & Won, S. (2021). A study on the characteristics of reporting during the management crisis of local media: Focusing on the reporting attitude in the Jeju Newspaper in regards of regional development issues, owner-related projects, budget. Journal of Communication Science, 21(1), 188-233. [ https://doi.org/10.14696/jcs.2021.03.21.1.188 ]
    윤철수·원성심 (2021). 지역 언론의 경영위기에서 나타난 보도 특성: 제주지역 신문의 개발이슈, 사주 연관사업, 예산안 관련 보도태도 중심으로. <언론과학연구>, 21권 1호, 188-233.