생산과 소비 사이, 놀이와 노동 사이 : <프로듀스 48>과 팬덤의 재구성
초록
아이돌 산업은 팬을 생산적 소비자 역할을 하게 만드는 데 그치지 않고, 산업 생산요소의 일부로 만들어 팬에게 동기를 부여하고 지속적인 참여를 유도한다. 그로 인해 팬들은 (연예기획사에 고용돼 있지 않음에도) 홍보, 마케팅, 매니지먼트 등 연예기획사의 역할 일부를 대신 수행하게 된다. 하지만 ‘즐기면서 일해주는’ 팬덤은 궁극적으로 아이돌 산업의 상업적 가시성과 지속성 확대에 복무할 가능성을 갖는다는 점에서 문제적이다. 이 글은 아이돌 팬덤이 유희적 측면과 함께 노동으로서의 측면도 함께 가질 수 있다는 점에 관심을 둔다. 그 양가적 참여 메커니즘에 주목해 새로운 팬덤의 양상과 의미를 밝히고자 한다. 연구목적 달성을 위해 <프로듀스 48>의 팬들을 대상으로 심층인터뷰를 실시하고, 다른 매체들을 통해 제시된 논의들을 함께 살핌으로써 보다 입체적인 분석을 행한다. 글의 구성은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기존 팬덤 논의들이 어떻게 이뤄져왔는지 정리하고, <프로듀스 48> 팬덤 분석을 위해 퀴클리흐(Julian Kücklich)의 ‘놀(이노)동(playbor)’ 논의를 동원한다. 팬들이 산업자본의 상업적인 가시성과 지속성을 확대하는 자유노동(free labor)을 제공하고 있음을 포착하여, <프로듀스 48> 팬덤의 노동적 측면을 설명하기에 적절할 것이라는 판단에서다. 둘째, <프로듀스 48> 팬덤이 보이는 여러 양상들을 드러내고, 그것들이 팬들에게 어떤 영향을 미치는지, 팬들은 그것을 어떻게 이해하고 의미를 만들어내는지에 대한 답을 구한다. 셋째, 앞선 과정들을 토대로 놀이/노동으로서 팬덤이 갖는 의미를 짚어본다. 이를 통해 얻을 수 있는 결론은 두 가지다. 첫째, 첫째, <프로듀스 48>의 팬덤은 기본적으로 유희적이나 (특정 국면에서) 노동으로서의 성격도 띄게 된다(유희→노동). 둘째, 그럼에도 그 팬덤을 단순히 산업자본의 영향력 아래 있는 것으로만 보기는 어렵다. 그 근거로 팬덤의 두 가지 모습을 들 수 있다. 하나는 자신들의 활동을 노동으로 전혀 생각하지 않고, 팬덤 내부에서 팽배한 자유성과 비경제성의 정서를 내면화해, 자신들의 행위가 산업자본의 경제적 가치로 바뀔 수 있다는 생각 자체를 경계하는 모습이다(노동→유희). 다른 하나는 산업자본과 관계 맺는 팬덤 주체가 선택적인 방식으로 즐거움을 얻는 모습이다. 이들은 자본의 의도를 인지하고 있음에도 스스로 설정한 문화적 실천에서 오는 즐거움이 더 크기에, 기꺼이 그 안에서 팬으로 남는 계산적이고 교섭적인 전략을 취한다(유희+노동).
Abstract
The idol industry not only gives fans the role of productive consumers, but also positions them as one part of the industry‘s productive elements, further motivating and encouraging continuous participation. As a result, fans will take over some of the roles of entertainment agencies, including promotion, marketing and management, even though they are not employed by the agencies. However, the fandom that “works with joy” is problematic in that it ultimately has the potential to serve in the idol industry's growing commercial visibility and sustainability. This article pays attention to the fact that idol fandom is characterized by an amusement aspect as well as labor aspect. We would like to take note of this ambivalent participation mechanism to reveal the conditions and meanings of this new form of fandom. To achieve the research purposes, we conducted in-depth interviews with fans of <Produce 48>, and conducted more solid analyses by reviewing the discussions presented in other media. The composition of the article is as follows. First, we will organize how existing discussions of fandom have been conducted and will apply Julian Kücklich‘s “playbor” concept to analyze the fandom of <Produce 48>. This concept is adequate in explaining the labor aspect of <Produce 48> fandom as it captures the idea that fans are providing free labor that aids in the expansion of the commercial visibility and sustainability of industrial capital. Second, we will describe the various aspects of <Produce 48> fandom and how they affect fans, and search for answers on how the fans understand these aspects and create meaning. Third, based on the preceding processes, we will discuss the meaning of fandom as play/labor.
Keywords:
produce 48, fandom, playbor키워드:
프로듀스 48, 팬덤, 놀(이/노)동References
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