온라인 스트리밍 음악 페스티벌 참여자들의 이용 동기가 사회적 실재감, 몰입, 이용 만족도에 미치는 영향 : ‘우리의 무대를 지켜주세요(Wumuji)’ 사례를 중심으로
초록
본 연구는 펜대믹의 장기화로 실재감을 높이는 온라인상의 소통방식에 대한 필요성이 나날이 높아지는 가운데, 그 어떠한 분야보다도 현장감이 중요한 공연계에서, 지난 3월 개최된 ‘우리의 무대를 지켜주세요(Wumuji)’라는 새로운 유형의 온라인 스트리밍 음악 페스티벌 사례에 주목하여, 해당 페스티벌 참여자들의 이용 동기를 검토하고, 도출된 이용 동기에 따라 참여자들의 사회적 실재감, 몰입, 이용 만족도가 어떻게 달라지는지 종합적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 온라인 스트리밍 음악 페스티벌의 이용 동기는 타인과의 교류, 오락 추구, 취지 공감, 아티스트와의 교류로 도출되었고, 이는 정보·관계를 추구하는 동기가 ‘커뮤니케이션 대상’이 누구인가에 따라서 달리 분류된 것으로서, 기존 연구와는 차별성을 보인다. 한편 도출된 이용 동기들은 사회적 실재감, 몰입, 만족도에 모두 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났지만, 세부적으로는 차이를 보였다. 타인과의 교류 동기는 사회적 실재감에 취지 공감 동기는 만족도에만 유의미한 영향을 끼친 반면, 아티스트와의 교류 동기와 오락 추구 동기는 사회적 실재감, 몰입, 만족도에 모두 정적인 영향을 주었다. 특히 그 중 아티스트와의 교류 동기는 몰입에, 오락 추구 동기는 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 새로운 유형의 미디어 서비스가 어떠한 이용 동기로 소비되며, 이를 통해 이용자들이 어떠한 사용 경험을 얻는지 고찰함으로써 새로운 미디어 기술 발전추세와 커뮤니케이션 흐름을 가늠해 볼 수 있다는 면에서 의미를 가진다.
Abstract
Amid the growing demand for increased live, online communication during the pandemic, this study focused on the case of a new type of online-streaming music festival, called ‘Wumuji’, which was held in March, 2021. In regards to this festival, the current study reviewed the motivations for use and comprehensively analyzed how the derived motivations affected the participants' levels of social presence, flow, and satisfaction. Findings showed that the motivations for using online-streaming music festivals were derived from interaction with others, pursuit of entertainment, purpose empathy, and interaction with artists. These observations differ from those of existing research, as these motivations for pursuing information and relationships were classified according to who the "communication target" was. Meanwhile, the derived motivations for use were all shown to have significant effects on social presence, flow, and satisfaction, but they differed in detail. The motivation of interaction with others only affected social presence, and the motivation of purpose empathy only affected satisfaction, while the motivations of interaction with artists and pursuit of entertainment affected social presence, flow, and satisfaction. In particular, interaction with artists was found to have the greatest effect on flow, and pursuit of entertainment was found to have the greatest effect on satisfaction. This study is significant in that it can gauge the trend of new media technology and communication flow by considering how new types of media services are consumed and how users gain experience in using them.
Keywords:
Interaction, Motivation, Social presence, Flow, Satisfaction키워드:
상호작용성, 이용 동기, 사회적 실재감, 몰입, 만족도Acknowledgments
This article is a revised version of a paper presented to the 2021 Spring Conference of the Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to CODE, a corporation that helped carry out this study, the debaters and anonymous reviewers who evaluated this study in detail. (본 연구는 한국언론학회 2021 봄철학술대회에서 발표된 연구를 수정 및 보완한 논문입니다. 본 연구 수행에 도움을 주신 사단법인 코드(CODE)와, 본 연구를 자세히 검토해주신 토론자 및 익명의 심사위원들께 깊은 감사를 드립니다.)
References
- Ahn, H. N. (2021, June 7). Kakao releases the Korean version of clubhouse "mm". The Hankookilbo, https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021060720030002010
- Alikilic, O., & Atabek, U. (2012). Social media adoption among Turkish public relations professionals: A survey of practitioners. Public Relations Review, 38(1), 56-63. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.11.002]
- Baek, E., Son, K. H. (2018). A study on a flow of the technological convergence in webtoon - Focused on the interactiontoon of webtoon <met>. Cartoon & Animation Studies, 50, 101-139.
- Ban, O. S., Park, J. Y. (2016). A Study on Structural Relationships of Internet Personal Broadcasting Continuous Use : TAM 2. Journal of Communication Science, 16(1), 58-95. [https://doi.org/10.14696/jcs.2016.03.16.1.59]
- Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Burgoon, J. (2003). Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria. Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 12(5), 456-480. [https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322761270]
- Cha, S. H., Han, M. (2016). Search for Ways to Promote Donation Behaviors through Campaigns on Social Network Service: Influences of Individual Dispositions, Perceived Attributes of Facebook use and Altruistic Motivation on Intention of Donation Behaviors. Media & Gender, 31(3), 257-291.
- Cho, E., Choi, Y. J. (2014). Why do People Engage in Online Conversation while Watching TV? A Study on the Motivations and Satisfaction of Social Viewing. Korean Journal of Broadcasting & Telecommunications Research, 88, 9-46.
- Cho, Y., Lim, S. (2019). Psychological Effects of Interactivity for Internet Live Broadcasting Viewers Moderating Role of User Motivations on Parasocial Interaction, Social Presence, and Flow. Korean Journal of Broadcasting & Telecommunications Research, 105, 82-117.
- Choi, P. S., Han, S. G., Choi, H. K., Yoon, D. K., Choi, H. S., Lee, J. K., Choi, H. W., Lim, S. M., Lee, C. B., & Lee, E. Y. (2020). 2020 KISA Report (Publication No. 7). Jeollanamdo: Korea Internet & Security Agency.
- Choi, Y. J. (2014). Watching TV While Chatting Online : The Concept Explication of ‘Social Viewing’. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 28(4), 315-355.
- Choi, Y. J. (2020). Relational viewing: Formation of relationships in the context of viewing traditional TV and one person online streaming media. Communication Theories, 16(1), 107-151.
- Choi, Y. J., Kweon, S. H. (2015). Television Social Viewing Experience: Focused on TV Viewing Satisfaction through Social Presence. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 29(5), 242-276.
- Choi, Y. J., Lee, J.-H. (2016). The Influence of Social Viewing on TV’s Cultivation Effect : Focused on Narrative Transportability and Perceived Realism. Journal of Media Economics & Culture, 14(2), 178-218. [https://doi.org/10.21328/JMEC.2016.05.14.2.178]
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Optimal Experience. NY: Harper and Row.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. NY: Basic Books.
- Eun, H., Na, E.-Y., Joo, C.-Y., & Jang, E. Y. (2001). Research on audiences in the Internet era: Focusing on the activeness of audiences (Publication No. 01-16). Seoul: Korean Broadcasting Institute.
- Guillory, J. E., & Sundar, S. S. (2014). How Does Web Site Interactivity Affect Our Perceptions of an Organization?. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26, 44-61. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.795866]
- Han, E.-K., Song, S.-J., & Lim, H.-N. (2011). The Motives for Using Social Commerce and Satisfaction, Repurchase Intention: Based on the Uses and Gratification Theory. The Korean Journal of Advertising and Public Relations, 13(3), 298-325.
- Han, M. W. (2017). Study of satisfaction on watching internet personal broadcasting, and intention of re-watching of the contents: focusing on motivation to watch, Para-social interaction, and social presence. Unpublished master dissertation, Chungang University, Seoul, Korea.
- Han, Y. (2019). A Study on the Satisfaction and Social Intention of Personal Broadcasting as Internet Streaming Broadcasting : Focus on Gratifications sought and Gratifications obtained Using the Expected Value Theory. Journal of Communication Science, 19(3), 124-170. [https://doi.org/10.14696/jcs.2019.09.19.3.124]
- Han, Y., Ha, J. (2019). Factors Affecting the Use of User Generated Content on the Web: Media Use Motivation, Personal Tendency, and Perceived Characteristics of the Personal Broadcasting. Korean Journal of Broadcasting & Telecommunications Research, 107, 152-190.
- Hong, J. M. (2019, March 28). [Korea times News] YouTube. Do they overtake Naver through search engines?. Hankookilbo, https://m.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201903271495777879
- Im, Y., Park, N. (2020). Effects of Screen Size and Involvement on Consumers' Attitudes and Purchase Intention : The Mediating Role of Presence and Flow. Broadcasting & Communication, 21(3), 5-40.
- Jang, Y. J., Kim, M.-R. (2016). Need for Interaction or Pursuit of Information and Entertainment? : The Relationship among Viewing Motivation, Presence, Parasocial Interaction, and Satisfaction of Eating and Cooking Broadcasts. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 30(4), 152-185.
- Ji, W.-B., Yoo, I.-H. (2009). A Study on the Evolution of Internet Media Creative and Consumer Recognition: Concentrating on Audience Reply. Journal of Practical Research in Advertising and Public Relations, 2(1), 21-53.
- Jiang, S. (2017). Functional interactivity in social media: an examination of Chinese health care organizations’ microblog profiles. Health Promotion International, 34(1), 38-46. [https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dax056]
- Joo, C., Yang, S. J., Chae, J., & Kim, G. H. (2019). The Influence of the Personal broadcasting producer's and User's characteristics on fun Perception : Focusing on beauty contents. Communication Theories, 15(2), 51-91. [https://doi.org/10.20879/ct.2019.15.2.051]
- Jun, J. W. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 Information and Consumer Characteristics on Untact Performance Perception. SBC, 33(1), 193-214.
- Jung, S.-M., Song, K. (2007). Development of Dialogue-based Feedback System to Improve Flow Learning in e-Learning Environment. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 7(2), 150-160. [https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2007.7.2.150]
- Kim, D. H., Choi, W. I. (2020, August). Eating together in a virtual space: Psychology of watching Mukbang. Paper presented at the Annual conference of 2020 The Korean Psychological Association, Online.
- Kim, G.-E., Hong, M. (2020). Viewing status and improvement plan of'live streaming' dance performance in the post-corona era. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 59(5), 309-321. [https://doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2020.9.59.5.22]
- Kim, H., An B. (2018). A Study on the Effects of the attractiveness and credibility of Online 1 Personal Media Broadcasting B.J. on the Viewing Engagement perceived on Media Channel, Interactivity, Perceived Enjoyment, and the User’s Responses. Advertising Research, 118, 78-126. [https://doi.org/10.16914/ar.2018.118.78]
- Kim, H. J. (2021, January 26). Music venues "Crisis of desperation, effective support measures are needed". YonHap News, https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210125157900005
- Kim, J. K., Lee, J. (2021). An Exploratory Study on the Factors Attracting Audiences of Online-based Art Performances: Focusing on the Feedback Structure by System Thinking Approach. Technology Management, 5(4), 1-20.
- Kim, J. M. (2017). Analysis of the Influence that the Motive to View Internet Live Broadcast has on the Degree of Satisfaction in Viewing and the Intention to Continue Viewing. Journal of the Korean Society of Design Culture, 23(2), 41-152. [https://doi.org/10.18208/ksdc.2017.23.2.141]
- Kim, Y. G. (2012). A study of uses and effects on survival reality programs. Unpublished master dissertation, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
- Kim, Y. H. (2006). Eine Studie über die Entstehung und Entwicklung, Form und Programm des öffentlichen Konzertes. Journal of Music Research, 20(20), 67-104.
- Kim, Y. J. (2011). Facebook Uses and Gratifications. Media&gender, 20, 71-105.
- Kim, Y. J. (2013). Uses and Gratification of Cyworld, Facebook, Twitter: A Comparative Study. Journal of Communication Science, 13(1), 5-32.
- Kim, Y., Park, N. (2019). The Use of SNS Real-time Video Streaming Services, Satisfaction, and Intention of Continuous Use: Influences of Personal Characteristics and Social Presence. Journal of Cybercommunication Academic Society, 36(3), 53-98. [https://doi.org/10.36494/JCAS.2019.09.36.3.53]
- Ku, Y., Noh, G. Y. (2018). Effects of Community Based health Campaign on Citizenship Behavior: Focusing on Campaign Identification and Campaign Participation. Journal of Public Relations, 22(3), 132-157. [https://doi.org/10.15814/jpr.2018.22.3.132]
- Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2006, November). A face(book) in the crowd: Social searching vs. Social browsing. Paper presented at the conference on Computer supported cooperative work, Alberta. [https://doi.org/10.1145/1180875.1180901]
- Lee, D., Lee, S. (2014). Media Experience in Live Streaming Video Service: Comparative Study on Parasocial Interaction and Social Presence among Live Sports Streaming Video Service Users. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 58(1), 148-177.
- Lee, D.-H. (2021). Media ecological exploration of digital classrooms in the era of COVID-19 : A focus on the remote classroom environment mediated by Zoom. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 35(2), 98-130.
- Lee, J.-H., Lee, S.-H., & Yoon, J.-H. (2019). The impact of personal characteristics and social viewing of YouTube personal travel. Korean Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 28(4), 51-71. [https://doi.org/10.24992/KJHT.2019.06.28.04.51.]
- Lee, S. Y. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on the Performing Arts Sector and the responses needed. Journal of Digital Convergence, 19(3), 453-463.
- Lee, Y.-J., Song, G. (2016). An Exploratory Study on Acceptance of Personal Webcasting Contents : Focusing on Use Characteristics and Attitudes toward Advertising. Korean Journal of Broadcasting & Telecommunications Research, 96, 68-103.
- Lim, J. W., Park, B. (2016). Analysis on the Viewing Intention of Mobile Personal Broadcasting by using Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model. Information Systems Review, 18(1), 89-106. [https://doi.org/10.14329/isr.2016.18.4.089]
- Morris, M., & Ogan, C. (1996). The internet as mass medium. Journal of Communication, 46(1), 39-50. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01460.x]
- Nardi, B. A., Whittaker, S., & Bradner, E. (2000, December). Interaction and outeraction: Instant messaging in action. Paper presented at the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, Philadelphia. [https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.358975]
- Noh, Y. (2016). A Study on the effect of SNS Usage Motivations on flow and addiction: Focusing on Facebook Users. The e-Business Studies, 17(3), 301-320.
- Oh, D. Y. (2017). Effects of Demographic Features, Use Motives and Personality of Audience on Usage of YouTube. Journal of Communication Science, 17(4), 122-162. [https://doi.org/10.14696/jcs.2017.12.17.4.122]
- Park, D. W., Lee, J. Y., Lee, J. W., & Lee, G. H. (2012). A Study on Policy Direction for Internet-Based New Media and Mid-to-Long Term Strategy for Media Development (Publication No. 12-34). Gyeonggido: Korea Communications Commission.
- Park, E.-T., Cho, I.-H. (2013). The Effects of Screen Size on Learning. Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association, 7(3), 53-62. [https://doi.org/10.21184/jkeia.2013.09.7.3.53]
- Park, H. G. (2019). The influence of interaction, parasocial interaction, social presence, communication pattern, and usage time of online video streaming services on overindulgence. Unpublished master dissertation, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
- Park, S. (2020). How the attractiveness and credibility of Mukbang YouTubers affect consumer attitude toward products. Journal of OOH Advertising Research, 17(4), 77-97.
- Roehrich, G. (2004). Consumer innovativeness: Concepts and measurements. Journal of Business Research, 57(6), 671-677. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00311-9]
- Sarah Perez (2017, 12, 19). Reddit launches new mobile apps with support for real-time comments, chat, mod tools and more. TechCrunch, https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/18/reddit-launches-newmobile-apps-with-supportfor-real-time-comments-chat-mod-toolsand-more/?guccounter=1
- Shim, Y. J. (2021, March 8). "#Save our stage in Korea" Today's opening... Indie musicians who are trying to save the music venues. The Kyunghyang Shinmun, http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=202103081107001&code960100
- Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, C. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications, New Jersey: Wiley.
- Sundar, S. S., Kalyanaraman, S., & Brown, J. (2003). Explicating web site interactivity: Impression formation effects in political campaign sites. Communication Research, 30(1), 30-59. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650202239025]
- Sung, M. J., Jung, H. W., & Kim, T. K. (2018, November). The Effect of Motivation to Use on Satisfaction and Flow in Internet Game Broadcasting. Paper presented at the Autumn Conference of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association, Daejeon: Hanbat National University.
- Wen, J., Lee, H. (2020). What Factors of Live Streaming Commerce Appeal to Chinese Consumers? The Influences of Platform and BJ Characteristics on Purchase Intention and the Moderating Effects of Gender. The e-Business Studies, 21(5), 215-234. [https://doi.org/10.20462/TeBS.2020.10.21.5.215]
- Whiting, A., & Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach, Qualitative Market Research, 16(4), 362-369. [https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041]
- Wu, G. (2006). Conceptualizing and Measuring the Perceived Interactivity of Websites. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 28(1), 87-104. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2006.10505193]
- Yoon, J. Y. (2020). Classical Music Concerts in the Post-Corona Era. The Korean Journal of Arts Studies, 29, 73-90.